Theme description: The great Russian philologist Lev Vasilievich Uspensky, with his wise statement, made it clear that: “In language there are... words. Language has... grammar. These are the ways that language uses to construct sentences." The statement became a statement. What is the essence of the statement of the famous philologist?
What is the essence of the statement of the famous philologist? Let's figure it out:
"What is grammar for?"
Those who study the theory of the Russian language, of course, have come across an expression from the legacy of the famous philologist, expert on the Russian language Lev Uspensky: “In language there are... words. Language has... grammar. These are the ways that language uses to construct sentences." This scientist said about the Russian language. But this statement is also true for many other languages. What is its essence?
Language has words. This means that the basis of language is the word, language consists of words. Each word has its own meaning. Nouns denote objects and phenomena, adjectives describe their properties, verbs convey actions. When we say or hear a word, we immediately have an image in our mind of what that word means. Different words: “ball”, “sadness”, “fell”, “woke up”, “bitter”, “orange” - evoke different images in our minds. We understand well what each word means.
But words alone are not enough to convey a thought, describe an event, or answer a lesson. You can’t say in a history lesson: “1812. Russia. Napoleon. War. Offensive. Moscow. Fire.” It is necessary to create a more understandable sentence from which it will be clear that in 1812 Napoleon started a war with Russia. The offensive brought French troops to Moscow, which by the time they arrived was on fire. Each word in a sentence is connected to others according to certain rules.
These rules are determined by grammar. It is this that allows different words in different sentences to convey different meanings and make speech understandable and coherent. Many languages are built on the same principle: they are based on words that, using the rules of grammar, can be combined into different offers. But the rules may differ.
Without grammar, it would be impossible to form a sentence from words. And we can convey feelings, thoughts, any information only in sentences - they are like small bricks from which the building of our speech is built. By using the wrong rules to construct a sentence, we can distort the meaning. This is why knowing grammar is so important.
An essay-reasoning for a linguistic topic: “Grammar allows us to connect any words with each other to express any thought about any subject.” L. V. Uspensky
The Russian language is very rich and beautiful. To express your thoughts beautifully and clearly, you need to use not a random set of words arranged in a chaotic order, but obey the laws of grammar. It is this that allows you to select all the words in a sentence successfully and harmoniously, use them in the right form and put each one in its place. This is exactly what the famous linguist L.V. Uspensky talks about, who insists that grammar is a unique link that can connect any words and express any thought.
And this is really so, because it is grammar that allows you to connect almost any words with each other, bind them together with a semantic connection, and allows you to convey any thought clearly and intelligibly, while remaining understood and heard. Using a variety of words, changing their places, you can get a completely new meaning and color the sentence in piquant shades. One has only to add a prefix to the desired word, and it will play in a new way, becoming more expressive.
Many people believe that only teachers and writers should express their thoughts competently both orally and in writing. But this is fundamentally the wrong position. Without using grammar, expressing your own thoughts clearly and transparently is a very difficult task, and interferes with a person’s life. After all, a person deprived of the ability to colorfully express his thoughts and desires is a bird without wings. Namely, grammar gives us the opportunity to soar into the sky.
Grammar is a unique tool that conveys a person’s logic and train of thought, revealing his thinking and aspirations. Using such a powerful tool, you can vividly describe all emotions and experiences, unheard of joy and despondency of sadness. Vocabulary and abundance play an important role vocabulary who very accurately formulate thoughts and adequately express them in writing.
Therefore, L.V. Uspensky’s statement about the importance of grammar in expressing thoughts remains indisputable. In order for the train of thought to be clear to the reader, and the beauty of the presentation of the text to amaze, it is necessary to use the rules of grammar.
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I continue to introduce you, dear 9th grade students, to samples of essays on linguistic topics. IN you have become acquainted with sample essays based on quotations that reveal the concept of “speech culture”. Today we turn to quotes (I emphasize:possible, approximate), concerning the connection between vocabulary and grammar.ALLsample essays I borrowed from a teacher at the Moscow Educational Institution high school No. 21 (Arkhipovskoe village, Budennovsky district, Stavropol region) N.G. Kharlanova or from the site "Traps of the Unified State Exam and State Examination" . I express my deep gratitude Natalia Georgievna And Lyubov Mikhailovna Bendeleeva for selfless work, excellent work, excellent materials!
Possible citations , which may be in this section:
1. Grammar can show how people use language to express all the riches of their inner world... ( From the works of N.F. Bunakova)
2. Studying grammatical structure language without taking into account its lexical side... is impossible. (V.V. Vinogradov)
3. The vocabulary of a language shows what people think, and the grammar shows how they think. ( G. Stepanov)
4. Vocabulary alone without grammar does not constitute a language. Only when it comes to the disposal of grammar does it acquire the greatest meaning. ( L.V. Uspensky)
5. ... vocabulary, the vocabulary of a language in itself does not constitute a language, but is building material for the tongue. (A.A. Reformed)
6. Grammar allows us to connect any words with each other to express any thought about any subject. ( L.V. Uspensky)
7. All sciences need grammar. Oratorio is dull, poetry is tongue-tied, philosophy is unfounded, history is unpleasant, jurisprudence without grammar is dubious. ( M.V. Lomonosov)
8. ...for skills in correct speech and correct writing is useful to know grammar... ( D.N. Ushakov)
9. The rules of syntax determine the logical relationships between words, and the composition of the lexicon corresponds to the knowledge of the people and indicates their way of life. (N.G. Chernyshevsky)
10. I realized that a person can know a great variety of words, can write them completely correctly and also correctly combine them in a sentence. Grammar teaches us all this. ( M.V. Isakovsky)
11. Language has...words. Language has... grammar. These are the ways that language uses to construct sentences. ( L.V. Uspensky)
Sample No. 1
Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian philologist Lev Vasilyevich Uspensky: “In language there are... words. Language has... grammar. These are the ways that language uses to construct sentences."
FIRST ESSAY
L.V. Ouspensky talks about the relationship between words and grammar, arguing that “these are the ways that language uses to construct sentences.” Let's try to prove the correctness of this judgment.
The word names objects, phenomena of reality, denotes signs and actions. Grammar studies the structure of language, its laws. A sentence is the minimum unit of language; it is a grammatically organized combination of words that has semantic and intonation completeness. We see that there are no words without grammar and no grammar without words; our thought is formed into a sentence with the help of words and according to the laws of grammar.
All this fully applies to the way the excerpt from the novel is constructed.M. Sholokhova. The second sentence of the text expresses a complete complex thought: this is a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. From it we learn about the time of what is happening, see a skillfully dug trench, and get acquainted with the cook Lisichenko. Among the lexical phenomena, the adjective epithets “tired, passionless, cold blue” attract attention; they help us see the hero’s eyes and imagine him.
Addresses play a special role in the text: in the 20th sentence Lisichenko ironically calls Lopakhin “hero”, in the 23rd - simply by last name. In 31 sentences, Lopakhin addresses the cook with restrained rage, calling him “darling.” And in a sentenceNo. 44, he calls the cook “you are my precious man,” showing that he has awakened respect for a person who is ready not only to cook food, but also to fight to the best of his ability. Thus, the address names the one to whom we are speaking and helps to understand the feelings of the characters and their attitude towards each other.
So, we are convinced of the following: to build a sentence, they use both vocabulary and grammar. Lexical and grammatical phenomena help to understand the author’s intention, to more accurately determine the author’s attitude towards the heroes, and the heroes towards each other.
SECOND ESSAY OPTION
L.V. Uspensky states: “In language there are... words. Language has... grammar. These are the ways that language uses to construct sentences." Let's think about this statement together.
Any thought we have about the world around us is embodied in a word; words are built into sentences according to the laws of grammar. Let's consider how this is realized in an excerpt from M. A. Sholokhov's novel “They Fought for the Motherland.”
The first sentence of the text is complex with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses, it expresses a complete complex thought, from it we learn about Lopakhin’s state of mind and that there is a retreat. And the vocabulary of the sentence, especially the epithets “heavy and bitter” on the heart, “fierce battles,” troops “exhausted ... by shelling and bombing,” enhances the emotional perception of what is read.
In the syntax of the passage, attention is drawn to the use of dialogue(proposals from No. 5 to No. 9, from No. 10 to 28 and others). The dialogue enlivens the narrative and helps to see how Lopakhin’s attitude towards the cook changes as he learns why the cook is not in the field kitchen, where he should be, but on the front line. Bitterness gives way to respect, the ironic, embittered, ironic address “darling” changes to “you are my precious person.”
Thus, we are convinced of the correctness of L.V.’s words. Uspensky that words and grammar are “the ways that language uses to construct sentences.” The competent use of vocabulary and grammar of the language helps to present what the author wanted to convey to the reader and to understand his creative intent.
THIRD ESSAY OPTION
L.V. Uspensky, in my opinion, speaks of the unity of content and form of language. Words name an object, its attribute or action, and grammar allows you to create a coherent statement, a text.
So sentence 16 consists of ten separate words naming or indicating the subject (“I”, “newcomer”) and his actions. Every fifth word in the sentence refers to high vocabulary (“dared”, “invade”), allowing us to imagine the stranger as an intelligent person with correct literary speech. If we write all these words separated by commas and in initial form, it will turn out to be nonsense. But if you use all the verbs in the required form, and put the pronoun “you” in the dative case, the words will receive a single meaning, turning into a sentence.
They play a role in turning a set of words into a syntactic structure and punctuation marks. So the three dashes present in this sentence indicate the presence of a replica in a dialogue that represents a complete thought.
Thus, we can conclude that the Russian philologist L.V. was right. Uspensky, who argued that language uses vocabulary and grammar to construct a sentence.
SAMPLE No. 2
Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian philologist L.V. Uspensky: “Vocabulary alone without grammar does not constitute a language. Only when it comes to the disposal of grammar does it acquire the greatest meaning.”
L.V. Uspensky, in my opinion, speaks of the unity of the content and form of language. Words name an object, its attribute, the action of an object. And that's all! Only with the help of grammar can you create a coherent statement from a set of words. Let us turn to the text by Yu. Bondarev.
So sentence 25 consists of eight separate words naming an object, its action and a sign of this action. The author interestingly uses the antonyms “many and little” in this syntactic construction, which give artistic speech a special poignancy and emotionality. They give it on the condition that we transfer the specified words “to the disposal of grammar.” For example, let’s put the word “man” in the dative case, and the word “happiness” in the genitive case, and create a phrase with the subordinating connection management: “needed for happiness” (sentence 25). To express emotions, the author put an exclamation point at the end of the sentence. And then the proposal received “the greatest significance.”
Thus, I can conclude: Russian philologist L.V. was right. Uspensky, who argued that “vocabulary alone without grammar does not constitute a language. Only when it comes to the disposal of grammar does it acquire the greatest meaning.”
SAMPLE No. 3
Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian philologist L.V. Uspensky: “Grammar allows us to connect any words with each other in order to express any thought about any subject.”
The meaning of L.V.’s statement I understand Uspensky this way: grammar allows words collected in a sentence to acquire a single meaning in order to express any thought. I will give examples based on sentence 2 of V. Astafiev’s text.
It consists of thirteen separate words. If we write all these words separated by commas and in initial form, it will turn out to be nonsense. But once they are used in the right form, they acquire a single meaning and become a sentence telling about the white-breasted marten.
They play a role in turning a set of words into a syntactic structure and punctuation marks. The two commas in this sentence highlight introductory word“perhaps”, with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude towards what he is talking about. In this sentence, the introductory word helps the narrator express his uncertainty, his assumption about what he is saying.
Thus, the Russian philologist L.V. was right. Uspensky, who claims that “grammar allows us to connect any words with each other in order to express any thought about any subject.”
What is grammar? This is a branch of the science of language that studies word formation, morphology and syntax. If you do not create new words using various morphemes, do not inflect nouns and adjectives, do not conjugate verbs, and do not use prepositions to connect words, you will end up with a meaningless set of words. And only with the help of grammar does this “verbal set” in our speech acquire semantic meaning. I will give examples from the text by V.P. Astafiev.
So in sentences 1 and 2 I encounter the grammatical form of the same word: “slope” and “slope”. In the word “kosogor” the zero ending indicates that we have a noun used in the nominative or accusative case, and in the word “kosogor” belonging to the genitive case is expressed using the ending -a. It is the ending in these words that is a linguistic means that serves to express grammatical meaning and contributes to the connection of words in phrases and sentences.
Punctuation marks also play a role in transforming a set of words into a syntactic structure expressing any thought. In sentence 4 the author uses several commas. So the first of them indicates the presence of homogeneous predicates: “warmed”, “licked”. They help the author to more clearly express the idea of what a caring mother Belogrudka was.
Thus, I can conclude that the Russian philologist L.V. was right. Uspensky, who stated: “... grammar allows us to connect any words with each other in order to express any thought about any subject.”
L.V. Uspensky argued: “Grammar allows us to connect any words with each other in order to express any thought about any subject.” I completely agree with this, because without knowing the rules of grammar, we will not be able to express thoughts and connect words.
The text of the Russian writer V.P. will help us prove this. Astafieva. So in sentence 5, the author replaces the stylistically neutral synonym “enough” with the colloquial word “enough,” emphasizing the idea that Belogrudka was a very caring mother and “provided plenty of food” for her children.
In sentence 2, the writer uses the introductory word “perhaps,” which expresses doubt that the white-breasted marten is a secretive, fearful animal. It is no coincidence that at the end of the story the marten, avenging its cubs, is no longer afraid to appear near people’s houses even during the day (sentence 35).
Therefore, L.V. was right. Uspensky, who argued that we convey our thoughts in words that are connected using grammar.
Vladimir Andreevich Uspensky (November 27, 1930, Moscow - June 27, 2018, ibid.) - Russian mathematician, linguist, publicist and educator, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1964), professor. Works on mathematical logic, linguistics, memoir prose. Initiator of the reform of linguistic education in Russia.
Graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University (1952), student of A. N. Kolmogorov. Head Department of Mathematical Logic and Theory of Algorithms, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State University (1995). One of the organizers of the Department of Structural Linguistics (now the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics) of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, where he also teaches.
For the book “Apology for Mathematics,” V. A. Uspensky received the main prize of the 2010 Enlightenment Prize in the field of natural and exact sciences.
Brother B.A. Uspensky.
Books (14)
Classical (Shannon) information theory measures the amount of information contained in random variables. In the mid-1960s A.N. Kolmogorov (and other authors) proposed measuring the amount of information in finite objects using the theory of algorithms, defining the complexity of an object as the minimum length of the program that generates this object. This definition served as the basis for algorithmic information theory, as well as for algorithmic probability theory: an object is considered random if its complexity is close to maximum.
This book contains a detailed presentation of the basic concepts of algorithmic information theory and probability theory, as well as the most important work carried out within the framework of the Kolmogorov seminar on the complexity of definitions and complexity of calculations, founded by A.N. Kolmogorov in the early 1980s.
The book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students of mathematical faculties and faculties of theoretical computer science.
Lectures on computable functions
The concepts of an algorithm and a computable function are among the central concepts of modern mathematics. Their role in mathematics in the mid-20th century. can perhaps be compared with the role of the concept of set in mathematics at the end of the 19th century. These “Lectures” are devoted to the presentation of the foundations of the theory of computable functions (conducted on the basis of the currently accepted identification of them - in the case of functions with natural arguments and values - with partially recursive functions), as well as some applications of this theory.
Mathematical and humanities: overcoming the barrier
How to overcome barriers between humanists and mathematicians who speak English? different languages How can mathematics help the humanities and why does it remain an integral part of spiritual culture?
The famous mathematician and linguist V.A. discusses this in his book. Uspensky.
Post's machine
Post's machine is, although abstract (i.e., does not exist in the arsenal of existing technology), but a very simple computing machine.
It is capable of performing only the most basic actions, and therefore its description and compilation of the simplest programs can be accessible to students primary school. Nevertheless, in a certain sense, any algorithm can be programmed on Post's machine.
Studying the Post machine can be considered as the initial stage of learning the theory of algorithms and programming.
Simple examples of mathematical proofs
The brochure, in accessible language for non-specialists, tells about some of the fundamental principles on which the science of mathematics is built: how the concept of mathematical proof differs from the concept of proof accepted in other sciences and in everyday life, what simple proof techniques are used in mathematics, how the idea of “correct” proof, what the axiomatic method is, what is the difference between truth and provability.
For a very wide range of readers, starting with high school students.
Gödel's incompleteness theorem
There are topics in mathematics that are fairly well known and at the same time recognized by tradition as too complex (or unimportant) to be included in compulsory education: custom classifies them as optional, additional, special, etc. There are several on the list of such topics that remain there now solely due to inertia. One of them is Gödel's theorem.
The method of proving Gödel's theorem outlined in this brochure is different from the method proposed by Gödel himself and is based on elementary concepts of the theory of algorithms. All the necessary information from this theory is communicated along the way, so that the reader is simultaneously acquainted with the basic facts of the theory of algorithms. The brochure was written based on the author’s article in the journal “Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk”, 1974, volume 29, issue 1 (175).
Theory of algorithms: main discoveries and applications
The concept of an algorithm is one of the most fundamental concepts in computer science and mathematics. The systematic study of algorithms led to the creation of a special discipline bordering mathematics and computer science - the theory of algorithms.
The book provides an overview of the most important achievements in the theory of algorithms over the past half century, i.e. since the inception of this theory. The main discoveries related to the concept of an algorithm, applications of the theory of algorithms to mathematical logic, probability theory, information theory, etc. are presented in a systematic form. The influence of the theory of algorithms on algorithmic practice is considered.
For specialists in mathematics, computer science, cybernetics, as well as for university students.
Pascal's triangle
This lecture is available to eight-year school students. It discusses one important numerical table (which is called Pascal's triangle), useful in solving a number of problems. Along with solving such problems, the question of what the words “solve a problem” means is raised.
Works on NON-mathematics (with an appendix of semiotic messages from A.N. Kolmogorov to the author and his friends)
The book was created by mathematician - Professor V.A. Uspensky.
The reader will find here works of a wide variety of genres: reflections on the philosophy of science, purely linguistic constructions, poems, memoirs about the author’s brilliant contemporaries and friends, about the “Silver Age” of structuralism and mathematical linguistics, at the origins of which V.A. Uspensky, who taught mathematics to philologists at Moscow State University for many years and made a significant contribution to the creation of new, “non-traditional” linguistics.
A book that connects the seemingly incompatible will be of interest to many: pure linguists, historians of science, philosophers, and representatives of such an exact science as mathematics.
