18 -1. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
1. In front of the mother (1) a small fire was lit and two or three firebrands (2) were smoking (2) the smoke (3) from which (4) went straight to her.
2. We climbed (1) up a rather steep hill (2) onto flat surface(3) of which (4) there were several new and old unfinished huts.
3. Lieutenant Vulich (1) on whose face (2) the hero “read the seal of death” (4) remains alive.
4. We had to arrive for transportation before dawn (1) in order to cross the river in quiet time (2) because every day (3) as soon as the sun began to warm up (4) a strong wind blew up.
5. Iron is the most important vital trace element (1) main role(2) which (3) - providing the body with oxygen.
6. Batyushkov was a recognized idol of Pushkin the lyceum student (1) in whose poems (2) (3) “echoes of Batyushkov’s lyre” (4) were very numerous.
7. Phraseologism is a phrase (1) general meaning(2) which (3) is not derived (4) from the independent meanings of the words included in it.
8. The basis of F. Dostoevsky’s realistic creativity is the world of human suffering (1) in the depiction (2) of which (3) he knows no equal.
9. From the stone pier (1) the steps (2) of which (3) descended directly into the water (4) began a city with European hotels and restaurants.
10. Unlike I.S. Turgenev (1) in the novels (2) of whom (3) the stages of spiritual searches of intellectuals of the 40–70s of the 19th century were highlighted (4) I.A. Goncharov was fascinated by the study of phenomena of a different order.
18-2. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence .
1. A light secular comedy is a play (1) whose intrigue (2) is very elegant.
2. Tree-like peonies (1) whose leaves (2) (3) fly away for the winter (4) over time turn into lushly flowering spreading bushes.
3. Chekhov’s dreams of a future life speak of a high culture of spirit, of the World Soul, of a new beautiful life (1) to create which we need (4) another two hundred or three hundred years to work, toil, suffer.
4. Especially often (1) the poet visited the Olenins (2) whose daughter (3) (4) was the subject of his serious hobby.
5. Rose (1) the first mention (2) of which (3) dates back to the fifth century BC. (4) described in ancient Indian legends.
6. Scientists have created a unique material (1) granules (2) of which (3) have the ability (4) to retain huge amounts of moisture.
7. The first stage of business conversations or negotiations (1) may be an introductory meeting (2) during which (3) the subject of negotiations is clarified, and organizational issues are resolved.
8. In one of the bays Pacific Ocean(1) was discovered giant squid(2) the diameter of the eye (3) of which (4) is one and a half meters.
9. This was a poetess (1) whose enchanting verses (2) (3) hid a certain mystery.
10. One day in Tsarskoe Selo (1) a bear cub tore the chain from the pole (2) near which (3) his booth (4) was built and ran into the garden.
ANSWERS.
18-1.
18-2.
1-2
1-1
2-2
2-14
Unified State Exam 2017 Task 18
Punctuation marks in a complex proposal
This is what this task looks like in the 2017 demo version
Place punctuation marks:
The idea of a single European space (1) was a fan (2) of which (3) the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was
Malinovsky (4) gained many supporters.
Answer: 14
What is required of you when completing this task?
Rule
As a rule, grammatical stems are separated from each other by commas.
( Melekhovs left for mowing], ( When already in the meadow was almost half of the farm) .
(How tree drops leaves), [so I I drop sad words] (S. Yesenin).
Let's review the basic concepts
Complex sentence– a sentence that includes a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
Trap #1!
In simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence, there can be either only subjects or only predicates. Don't make mistakes when defining the basics!
[ Soon five years] , ( How I Working at the institute).
Trap #2!
A subordinate clause can be inside a main clause.
It must be separated by commas on both sides!
Remember!
In a complex sentence there is introductory structures, definitions, applications and circumstances that require commas!
Do not place a comma in a complex sentence AFTER the main grammatical stem:
with one subordinate clause
1) if the subordinate clause = one allied word (relative pronoun or adverb):
with two homogeneous subordinate clauses (depending on the same word or stem and answering the same question)
2) if it is preceded by the words especially, in particular, namely, that is, and also. A comma will appear before these words:
Me reproach , But Don't know what
1) if they are preceded by a negation not:
, but (in what).
2) if subordinate clauses are connected using conjunctions and, or, either, nor (usually repeated):
Expedition I'll have to finish ahead of schedule under unfavorable conditions, namely if will begin season rains.
I came NOT to interfere to you, and so that help .
Student couldn't remember no way called work , nor Who his author .
, namely (if).
(not to), but (to)
(no way), (no one)
With compound unions:
thanks to the fact that
due to the fact that
At the beginning of a sentence - a comma is NOT separated
due to the fact that
(After I listened violin), [to me I wanted to die from incomprehensible sadness and delight].
due to the fact that
[I was going to become a geologist] , (because was a geologist Sergey) .
There is a comma in the middle of a sentence - ONCE!
NOT + compound conjunction:
because
because
[I came NOT to the performance because He was interesting).
Reinforcing particle + compound conjunction :
despite the fact that
[ Listeners jammed together to the concert hall ONLY because performance it was free).
instead of
Introductory word + compound conjunction:
in order to
so that
[We lost football match POSSIBLY due to the fact] (that were miscalculations in game tactics).
while
after
before
since
as well as
Algorithm of actions
1. Highlight grammatical basics.
2. Highlight a conjunction or allied word.
3. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate clauses.
4. Find out whether there are conditions under which a comma is not placed before a subordinate clause.
5. Add punctuation marks.
6. Select an answer option.
7. Write down all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
In KIMs Unified State Examination recent years most often the task concerns the placement of punctuation marks in IPS with subordinate clause, so let’s take a closer look at this type of sentence.
Subordinate clauses refer to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or another word used in the meaning of a noun, and answer questions of definitions (which? which?...).
Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause most often with the help of allied words: which, which, what, when, where etc.
The attributive clause ALWAYS comes either after the main clause or inside the main clause:
There is a house on a hill, in which we live.
House, in which we live, stands on a hill.
Pay attention!
- A comma is never placed after a conjunctive word which:
Events, witnesses which we became , shook the city.
2. If the conjunctive word which is a dependent word in a gerund, a comma is placed before the gerund, but not after the word which:
Here's the book after reading which you will discover a lot for yourself .
3. If the attributive clauses are homogeneous and connected by a non-repeating conjunction AND, a comma is not placed between them:
Books, which I read and which I would advise you , written by our contemporaries.
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Khlestakov managed to carry out (1) even the mayor's (2) trickery (3) whose (4) was known to the whole city.
2. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Cicero (1) whose speeches (2) (3) are recognized as an example of oratory (4) was a staunch supporter of the preservation and strengthening of the “Senate Republic”.
3. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
On the Kola Peninsula (1) there are still places (2) that can be reached (3) only by helicopter or tracked vehicles.
4. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
We are the ones (1) who (2) here (3) rummaging in the darkness (4) feed you.
5. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Here is a book (1) after reading (2) which (3) you will discover a lot for yourself.
6. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The warmth (1) with which the daughter spoke about her mother (2) and (3) which illuminated her face (4) involuntarily attracted attention.
7. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
A blueberry pie was brought for tea (1) at the sight of which everyone perked up (2) moved (3) and started talking merrily.
8. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The history of science fiction is the history of ideas (1) that (2) changed the world (3) but (4) were first ridiculed and rejected.
8. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The speleologists, in the light of a lantern (1) illuminating the entire cave (2), saw a fragment of rock (3) on which (4) figures of people and animals were painted.
9. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
On the tall (1) green stem of the Agave, lush clusters of snow-white flowers (2) of unprecedented beauty (3) bloomed, which emitted an indescribable aroma (4) that immediately filled the entire greenhouse.
Thank you for your attention!
Successful passing of the Unified State Exam - 2017
In task 18 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, you work with complex sentences consisting of a main clause and a subordinate clause. You know that commas must be placed at the boundaries of simple sentences within a complex sentence. What difficulties may be encountered in defining these boundaries?
Task formulation:
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in their place
There must be commas in the sentence.
has more than sixty thousand works of art (4) reflects the development of Russian art since the 11th century.
Let us remind you what you need to know to determine the boundaries between the main and subordinate clauses.
The subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with the help of conjunctions or allied words, which, as a rule, are located at the border of sentences, i.e., they begin the subordinate clause. But there are some sentences in which the conjunction or allied word does not appear after a comma at the sentence boundary, but inside subordinate clause.
The subordinate clause can come before the main clause, after it and inside him. We put commas at the borders of sentences:
1) , (conjunction or allied word) 2) (union or allied word),
3) [ , (conjunction or allied word), ]
What syntactic structures appear most often on the exam? Complex sentences with a subordinate clause, which is located inside the main sentence (see Diagram 3) and joins it with the help of a conjunctive word which.(Remember that this word is inflected and can have a preposition.)
How to complete such a task? Read the sentence expressively; semantic pauses will indicate to you the boundaries of the sentences. Read each simple sentence (remember that you need to connect the two parts of the main clause if the subordinate clause splits it). Make sure you correctly identify the conjunction or connecting word that connects the sentences.
Let's complete the task:
State Tretyakov Gallery (1) collection (2) of which (3)
has more than sixty thousand artistic
works (4) reflects the development of Russian art since
XI century.
Let's read expressively, making semantic pauses.
Let's read the main thing separately: The State Tretyakov Gallery reflects the development of Russian art since the 11th century.
Let's read the subordinate clause: whose collection includes more than sixty thousand works of art.
Let's define a means of communication: which.
Answer: commas are at the boundary of sentences 1, 4.
More examples:
He asked about which house to stop the car and fell silent again. Main offer: He asked and fell silent again. The conjunction I connects the predicates in the main clause. Subordinate clause: near which house to stop the car. Union word near which .
Scheme: , (near which one)
We saw a castle whose unusual architectural style we could not identify. Union word whom stands inside a subordinate clause. Scheme: , (which)
He asked if we wanted to eat and invited everyone to the table. Main offer: He asked and invited everyone to the table. Subordinate clause: Do we want to eat?. Connecting word whether .
Scheme: [ , (li...), ]
Theory for Task No. 18 Unified State Exam 2019 in Russian
“Punctuation marks when addressing and introductory words”
You need to know the following topics:
-introductory words and phrases
- appeals.
Introductory words and phrases
Introductory words and phrases are not members of the sentence (you cannot ask a question about them), are separated by commas, do not change the information in the sentence, they can be excluded without distorting the meaning.
Groups of introductory words by meaning
1. The speaker's feelings(joy, anger, regret, etc.).
Fortunately, unfortunately, to horror, to shame, for the future, for joy, etc.
2. Degree of confidence(assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.).
Maybe, perhaps, apparently, in fact, it seems, it would seem, indisputably, it is true, one must believe, essentially, unconditionally, etc.
3. Connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation
So, therefore, by the way, firstly, secondly, on the other hand, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, means vice versa, etc.
4. Source of message
According to rumors, they say, according to someone, in my opinion, in my opinion, according to legend, remember, report, convey, etc.
5. Techniques and ways to formulate thoughts
In other words, in other words, simply put, to put it mildly, in one word, etc.
6. Appeal to the interlocutor or reader in order to attract attention
Do you know, know, understand, excuse me, forgive me, listen, believe me, agree, imagine, please, etc.
7. Assessing the extent of what is being said
At least at most, at least
8. Degree of commonality of what is being reported
As usual, it happens, it happens, it happens, etc.
9. Expression of expressiveness of a statement
To say it honestly, honestly, in truth, in conscience, to say it funny, etc.
HOMONYMY
The same words can be used both as introductory and as members of a sentence! (You can ask questions to members of the sentence, but not to introductory words)
FOR EXAMPLE:
You probably know this man. (introductory word)
You translated the text correctly. (adverb)
First of all, do we need to talk about this? (introductory word)
First of all, we need to talk about the book (adverb).
He is, you know, a man of obligation. (introductory word)
Do you know him? (verb)
The following words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas:
Perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, besides, meanwhile, I suppose, by proposal, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly
Complex cases
I. Particles O, AH, A and others standing before addresses are NOT SEPARATED from them.
Examples: Oh my dear, my tender, beautiful garden (Ch.); Oh Nadya, Nadenka, we would be happy... (Ok.); O beloved deceptions, delusions of infancy! On the day when the meadows turn green, there is no way for me to get rid of you (Sick); O sun, overheated, go out, have mercy on the poor earth! (Sick.); Death, and death, will you let me say one word? (TV).
II. If there is an interjection before the address, then it is SEPARATED by a comma or an exclamation mark.
Examples: Ah, my fields, dear furrows, you are good in your sadness (Ec); Hey, three octagons for thread, go get a bolt! - From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called by the nickname “Three Osmushki for Carving” (Plat.). The word o (meaning ah) can also act as an interjection: Oh, my lost freshness, the riot of my eyes and the flood of feelings (Her).
How to distinguish homonymous particles and interjections (o, ah, a)
The particle has an intensifying meaning and is not separated from the address intonationally (does not have independent stress);
Interjections are intonationally independent, stressed, and are followed by a pause.
Compare:
O my cherished field, you are now resting after the harvest (Aitm.)
Oh, the wind! Oh, snow storms! (Bl.).
The interjection hey (as a call for attention) can itself act as an address.
Examples: Hey, watch out! You'll create a closure! (Vozn.); - Hey, be careful there! - shouted Stepakha (Cool); - Where? What are you doing? Hey!.. (Shuksh.); - Hey! It is forbidden! - Frosya was scared (Tok.).
The eighteenth task of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, aimed at testing graduates’ ability to place punctuation marks in a complex sentence, can bring one primary point if completed correctly. Let's repeat the theory about punctuation of complex sentences.
Theory for task No. 18 of the Unified State Exam in Russian
Complex sentence divided into main and subordinate parts; the latter is joined with the help of conjunctions and allied words and can be placed before, after and inside the first.
In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and allied words are used:
as if, where, for nothing that, if (if... then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only, rather than, from where, why, while , since, why, as if, since, so that, just, exactly, although, whose, than, what, so that, etc.
A complex sentence is divided into main and subordinate parts; the latter is joined by conjunctions and can be placed before, after or inside the first. The subordinate clause is separated by a comma in the following cases:
| If it comes before or after the main one and begins with the word “when”; if the subordinate part is located directly in the main part, then it is separated by commas on both sides | When the grandmother got on the bus, the boy gave her his seat. In the morning, when my grandmother got on the bus, the boy gave her his seat. |
| Homogeneous subordinate clauses, between which there are no conjunctions, are connected by commas; commas are also placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by repeating conjunctions | We understood that tomorrow we would have to buy tickets, pick up a voucher, and get a certificate. |
| If it comes before or after the main one and begins with the words “because, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, instead of, in order to, after, while, as”; if such a subordinate part is located directly in the main part, then it is separated by commas on both sides | While he was talking, I was trying to recreate the picture of what happened. While he was talking, I tried to recreate the picture of what happened. |
There is no comma between the main clause and the subordinate clause
- If a subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by a coordinating conjunction and (or particle): He didn’t return the book to me even when he read it.
- If there is a particle before a subordinating conjunction or allied word Not : You need to prepare for exams not when the session starts, but long before that (not... huh).
- If the subordinate clause is truncated to one conjunctive word (a conjunctive word used alone loses the function of a subordinate clause): The students were scheduled for an exam, but did not specify when.
- If the subordinate clause, thanks to conjunctions and, or, is included in a number of homogeneous members: While working and when the film came out, I didn't really understand it.
In complex sentences complex conjunctions can be used: due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case of, while, due to the fact that, based on the fact that, meanwhile, despite the fact that, because, before, likewise, in proportion as, because, before, for the sake of, before, in order to, since, for the purpose of, just as, so that, especially since etc.
Conjunctions can be included entirely in the subordinate clause, and then a comma is placed before the first part of the conjunction: It [the day] seemed enormous, endless and active, despite the fact that we did not even speak to each other along the way.
But unions can be dismembered - depending on the meaning of the sentence, the logical selection (strengthening) of the first part of the union. In this case, a comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction, and the first is included in the main part as a correlative word: Because we got up so early and then did nothing, the day seemed very long.
Complex unions are not dismembered whereas, as if, as if, meanwhile: It was very similar, as if a car was walking in the distance.
Complex unions:
Important to remember: If two subordinating conjunctions are located nearby, then a comma is placed between them in all cases, except when these are complex conjunctions with then. There is no comma after the conjunctive word “which”.
Algorithm for completing the task
- We carefully read the task.
- We place punctuation marks in accordance with the rules of punctuation of the Russian language.
- We perform parsing to understand how many parts there are in a complex sentence and determine their boundaries.
- Write down the correct answer.
Analysis of typical options for task No. 18 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language
The eighteenth task of the demo version 2018
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
Chekhov's notes for the study “Medical Practice in Russia” (1), work on which (2) began in 1884 (3) were published only after the death of the writer.
Algorithm for completing the task:
- Chekhov's notes for the study "Medical Practice in Russia", work on which began in 1884, were published only after the writer's death.
- The sentence is complex, with a subordinating connection, consists of 2 parts: 1) Chekhov's notes for the study "Medical Practice in Russia" were published only after the death of the writer– the main part of a complex sentence; 2) work on which began in 1884– a subordinate attributive, connected to the first part using the conjunction word WHICH, since it is located inside the first part, we separate it with commas on both sides.
Answer: 1, 3.
First version of the task
The share of regular phones among other mobile devices (1) through which (2) they access the Internet (3) is still quite significant and is now 39%, but it is already clear (4) that a turning point has occurred: the popularity of smartphones and tablets has overtaken regular phones.
Algorithm for completing the task:
- You need to place punctuation marks and indicate those numbers in the place of which there should be commas.
- The share of regular phones among other mobile devices through which they access the Internet is still quite significant and is now 39%, but it is already clear that a turning point has occurred: the popularity of smartphones and tablets has overtaken regular phones.
- The share of regular phones among other mobile devices is still quite significant and is now 39%- the sentence is complicated by homogeneous predicates; 2) through which they access the Internet– subordinate attributive, attached to 1 part using a conjunction word which, we highlight the subordinate clause on both sides with commas; 3) but it's already visible– part of a complex sentence connected to part 1 using the conjunction BUT; 4) that there was a turning point– an explanatory subordinate clause connected with the 3rd part using the conjunction THAT, before the conjunction THAT we put a comma; 5) The popularity of smartphones and tablets has overtaken regular phones– part of a complex non-union sentence connected to the 4th part using a colon.
Answer: 1, 3, 4.
Second version of the task
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
When he expressed a useless thought out loud (1), his comrade suddenly became nervous again and began to say irritably (2) that he did not understand the careless Russian people (3) who (4) not only do not put their own lives at anything, but also on others spit.
Algorithm for completing the task:
- You need to place punctuation marks and indicate those numbers in the place of which there should be commas.
- When he expressed a useless thought out loud, his comrade suddenly became nervous again and began to say irritably that he did not understand the careless Russian people, who not only do not value their lives, but also do not care about others.
- The sentence is complex, with various types communication, consists of 5 parts: 1) When he expressed a useless thought out loud - subordinate clause relating to part 2, separate the subordinate clause with a comma ; 2) his friend suddenly became nervous again and began to speak irritably– the main part of a complex sentence, complicated by homogeneous predicates; 3) what the careless Russian people don’t understand– subordinate explanatory clause, attached to part 2 using the conjunction THAT, before the conjunction we place a comma; 4) who not only does not value his life– a subordinate attributive, connected to the 3rd part using the conjunctive word WHICH, before the conjunctive word we put a comma; 5) but he doesn't care about others either– part of a complex sentence connected with the 4th part using the conjunction BUT.
Answer: 1, 2, 3.
Third version of the task
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Algorithm for completing the task:
- You need to place punctuation marks and indicate those numbers in the place of which there should be commas.
- We think that research social networks, which have become so popular all over the world, will develop in the near future into a separate branch of psychology.
- The sentence is complex, with a subordinating connection, consists of 3 parts: 1) we think - main part of a complex sentence ; 2) that social network research will develop in the near future into a separate branch of psychology– an explanatory subordinate clause, attached to part 1 using the conjunction WHAT, preceded by a comma; 3) which have become popular all over the world– a subordinate attributive, is added to the 2nd part using the allied word WHICH, preceded by a comma.
