FIRST RUSSIAN
GENERALISSIMO
Alexey Semenovich
SHEIN
V.A. Mogilnikov, A.G. Shein
Peter I and Generalissimo A.S. Shein
One of the main goals of the Foundation named after Generalissimo A.S. Shein is a comprehensive study of biographical information about the commander. Without the Tsar, the future Emperor Peter I, only the commander Shein, who served the Russian Romanov dynasty, could become a generalissimo.
Alexey Semenovich is not included in the galaxy of “chicks” of Peter the Great, although it includes another Russian commander and diplomat, the same age as Shein, a representative of the Old Boyar Moscow family, Field Marshal General Count Boris Petrovich Sheremetev.
As a representative of the Russian aristocracy of the 17th century, Shein, together with Sheremetev, entered the boyar class at the age of 30 Russian state. He was a direct participant and one of the main characters in all the internal strife of the country - the Streltsy riots of 1682, 1689 and 1698 and supported political development aimed at preserving our Fatherland.
Shein first encountered the problem of the threat to Russia from the southern borders during his voivodeship in Kursk (1683-1684). He was a participant and one of the organizers of all campaigns during the Russian-Turkish War of 1686-1700.
Capture of Azov (From an engraving by A. Shchonebek of 1699, executed in Moscow under the personal supervision of Peter /, the far right horseman is A.S. Shein, to his right is Peter I)
Unfortunately, very often Russian history of the 17th century is studied and conclusions are drawn from the memoirs of Western diplomats and other foreigners who served our state. Based on their random evidence in Russian historiography, Aleksei Semenovich Shein, who consistently carried out the initial military reform of Peter the Great, is shown in a number of works without evidence as a representative of the “old” system and the first Russian to lose his beard.
Russian generalissimos
“Generalissimo” translated from Latin means general, the most important in the army. In the dictionary V.I. Dahl interprets this word as “commander-in-chief, chief of the entire military force of the state.”
The origin of the highest military rank is associated with the development of the state, in which certain social relations took shape. Once upon a time, every colonel commanded a regiment, and supreme commander during the war he held the position of generalissimo. With the advent of a permanent army, these positions become ranks. And in turn, they show the place of its bearer in the social hierarchy, indicating services to the state or the ruling elite.
The title of Generalissimo was first granted by the French King Charles IX in 1569 to his eighteen-year-old brother Henri (later King Henry III). There was no uniformity in the assignment of the highest military rank: in some cases they became generalissimos for life, and in others - only for the period of a particular military campaign. The Venetian commander Morosini, for example, held the title of generalissimo four times - in 1678, 1681, 1684 and 1694, and Archduke Charles of Austria - twice.
The word “generalissimo” was introduced into the Russian language by foreign commanders during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich when they addressed the Great Voivode. For the first time in Russian history, the first Russian generalissimo was in 1696, a comrade-in-arms of the young Tsar Peter, boyar Alexei Semenovich Shein, who commanded all the troops in the second Azov campaign.
The second Russian generalissimo was the closest associate of Peter I, His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729). Many victories in the Russian-Swedish Northern War (1700-1721) are associated with his name. On the field of the Poltava victory (1709), the triumphant Peter promoted his favorite and comrade-in-arms to field marshal general. However, the next highest rank is A.D. Menshikov received after the death of Peter the Great, whose grandson, Emperor Peter II, declared on May 12, 1727: “Today I want to destroy the field marshal!” Everyone present looked at each other in bewilderment. Then the emperor handed Menshikov a signed patent for the rank of generalissimo. But soon Alexander Danilovich was exiled to Siberia to the city of Berezov.
The title of generalissimo in Russia, along with the largest commanders, was also given to members of the families of the imperial dynasty. Anna Leopoldovna (mother of the non-reigning infant emperor John VI) during her short reign on November 11, 1740, awarded this rank to her 26-year-old husband, Prince Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick, who had no military merit.
On October 28, 1799, the great Russian commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800) became the generalissimo of the Russian land and sea forces, having victoriously completed his legendary Swiss campaign (1799). Emperor Paul I, erecting A.V. Suvorov to the rank of generalissimo, wrote: “Now, rewarding you according to my gratitude and placing you at the highest level of honor and heroism, I am confident that I will elevate you to the most famous Commander of this and other centuries.”
Suvorov took part in six major wars, was wounded six times in battle, made 20 campaigns, fought 63 battles and did not lose a single one, and his army outnumbered the enemy only three times.
In the USSR, the military rank of Generalissimo Soviet Union was introduced after the victorious end of the Great Patriotic War By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 27, 1945. For outstanding services to the Soviet Motherland in the leadership of all armed forces of the state during the Great Patriotic War, this title was awarded to Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin on June 27, 1945.
The first Russian generalissimo A.S. Shein
For the first time in Russia, from a historical point of view, the military rank of generalissimo was defined by the Russian historian V.N. Tatishchev in his work “Lexicon”: “The Generalissimo is the most important commander over all the troops in the state. This rank is more commonly used in the German Empire and is actually called lieutenant general, but except for the sovereign princes and those who are quite skilled in the army, it is not given to anyone. Under Peter the Great, Shein, for his own and his family’s glorious merits, was a generalissimo.”
N.G. Ustryalov, who studied the era of Peter the Great, wrote in relation to the first Russian generalissimo: “Peter could not hide from the fact that the lack of unity of command, given the differences of opinion and disagreement of the generals, was one of the main reasons for the failure of the first Azov campaign. To eliminate the evil, he considered it necessary to appoint one main leader over all ground forces with the rank of generalissimo or governor of the Great Regiment.
His choice first fell on an elderly nobleman, respected for his merits and character, Prince Mikhail Alegukovich Cherkassky, but illness prevented the prince from agreeing to the proposed honor, then Alexei Semenovich Shein was named generalissimo.”
It should be noted that the title “Generalissimo” in Russian history is highly politicized. His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov became a generalissimo after the reign of Peter I, during whose reign he had many merits in the military field. The military merits of the Prince of Brunswick are unknown to the Russians. The invincible Suvorov, who was on a well-deserved retirement, became a generalissimo thanks to the difficult political situation in Europe and the demand for his military leadership talent.
In any case, when appointing a “generalissimo,” the right of a representative of the royal or imperial family is recognized. There is no doubt about the approval of this title in Russia by Peter the Great. In his first military exercises, he appointed the “King of Presbursky” boyar Prince Fyodor Yuryevich Romodanovsky and the “King of Poland” and “Tsar Semenovsky” Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin as “buffoon” generalissimos.
The first baptism of fire of Peter I under his formal leadership in the Azov campaign of 1695 did not produce results. The second Azov campaign was preceded by the appointment of a nearby boyar, Alexei Semenovich Shein, as generalissimo (commander-in-chief or governor of the Big Regiment). The fundamental difference from previous formations of Russian troops was that the Big Regiment included a naval caravan led by Admiral F.Ya. Lefort, under whose command was the king with the rank of captain. Oriented toward the West since childhood, Peter actively used foreign paraphernalia, including in military affairs. The consequence of this was the proclamation of the representative of the old Moscow boyar family of the Russian commander A.S. Shein as generalissimo.
Separately, it should be noted that on September 30, 1696, during the ceremonial entry of troops into Moscow after the capture of Azov, Shchein rode in with a white feather in his hat. The tradition of placing feathers on the headdress, not accepted in Rus', was the privilege of senior military commanders in different countries.
Russian commander, Generalissimo Alexei Semenovich Shein was born in August 1652. He came from an ancient Old Moscow boyar family, according to family tradition, descended from a native of Prussia, Mikhail Prushenin, who decided to serve in Russia from the time of Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. Mikhail Prushenin was the ancestor of the Morozov boyars, from whom branches of the famous Russian families of the Sheins, Saltykovs and Choglokovs were formed.
In the first third of the 17th century, a strong position in the Duma of the first tsar of the Romanov family was occupied by the Old Moscow nobility: I.N. and N.I. The Romanovs, representatives of the Golovins, Morozovs, Saltykovs, Sheins and Sheremetevs.
The Russian historian S.M. testified to the nobility of the Shein family in his works. Soloviev. Describing the ruling elite of the Moscow state of the 17th century, he established sixteen noble families who had the right to bypass the lower ranks when promoted to the boyar class. Among them were the Vorotynskys, Trubetskoys, Golitsyns, Khovanskys, Morozovs, Sheremetevs, Odoevskys, Pronskys, Sheins, Saltykovs, Repnins, Prozorovskys, Buinosovs, Khilkovs, Urusovs.
Tracing the inherent connections of A.S. Shein, it is necessary to note his blood affiliation with noble families. The commander's mother, Avdotya Ivanovna, came from the boyar family of the Pronsky princes (she was in her second marriage to the boyar Prince Grigory Sunchaleevich Cherkassky), died in 1686 and was buried on December 3 in the Novospassky Monastery - the official family tomb of the Romanov boyars and Cherkassky princes; grandmother Maria Borisovna, wife of the steward’s grandfather Ivan Mikhailovich Shein, was one of the Lykov-Obolensky princes, and she was the daughter of Anastasia Nikitichna Romanova; great-grandmother Maria Mikhailovna, wife of the great-grandfather, boyar Mikhail Borisovich Shein, from the Godunov family. That is, the commander’s ancestors were related to the royal family.
The highlighted fragment is the courtyard of A.S. Sheina (currently the building of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation is located on this site) In addition, the Saltykov boyars, related to the Sheins, gave their daughter Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova in marriage to Tsar John IV Alekseevich, who gave birth to five princess sisters, the fourth of whom became Empress Anna Ioannovna.
However, the fate of the commander and his career were not easy. Alexei Semenovich's great-grandfather, boyar Mikhail Borisovich Shein, became famous for his fearless defense of Smolensk from the Poles during the Time of Troubles. Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, he was appointed chief commander to protect Smolensk from the Poles, held a siege for ten months and, having received no help, was forced to surrender the city. As a result of a boyar conspiracy, he was accused of treason and executed in Moscow in 1634. The Shein family was deported to Alatyr district. The commander's grandfather, steward Ivan Mikhailovich Shein, died in the same 1634. Perhaps, with the removal of disgrace from the family in 1642, they were reburied in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Alexei Semenovich's father, stolnik Semyon Ivanovich Shein, was unable to restore the status of his family at the royal court due to his early death in 1655, when his son was less than three years old.
Throughout his service to the fatherland and the royal dynasty, boyar A.S. Shein’s military merits had to prove not only personal loyalty, but also to defend the honor of the family.
The formal rehabilitation of the Shein family took place in 1682 with the award of Alexei Semenovich as a boyar and was secured by a royal decree and the verdict of the Boyar Duma of January 10, 1693 regarding Shein’s quarrel with another boyar, Prince Mikhail Grigorievich Romodanovsky. The latter called Shein's great-grandfather and grandfather traitors. But the royal decree determined “that they had never committed treason.”
Like all representatives of boyar families, Alexey Semenovich was the owner of numerous estates and estates in Arzamas, Alatyr, Galich, Dmitrov, Kolomenskoye (the villages of Mikhnevo and Bortnikovo with villages in the Mikulinsky camp), Kromsky, Moscow, Ryazhsky, Ryazan, Saransk and Tver districts.
In Moscow, he owned a courtyard in Kitai-Gorod on Ilyinka Street between the churches: Elijah the Prophet in Warm Rows in the former Novgorod courtyard (in Soviet times, a closed temple under state protection; the modern name of the street came from it) and Nicholas the Wonderworker (in currently not preserved). It is reliably known that in this yard, while staying with A.S. Shein, Tsar Peter celebrated on September 1, 1698 the onset of the new year according to the old calendar. In pre-revolutionary times, Russian financial capital concentrated on Ilyinka. On the site of the commander's courtyard there is a modern building of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
The Sheins also owned a country yard outside the Myasnitsky Gate of the White City in the village of Pokrovskoye. At the beginning of the 18th century, here on the shore of a large pond stood the wooden mansions of the Shein family. After the death of the commander's widow, representatives of the royal family stayed there. So, in 1713, Tsarevna Maria Alekseevna, later the future Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, lived there along with her relatives Skavronsky and Gendrikov. In 1733, instead of wooden mansions, stone chambers were built, and opposite the palace - a wooden Resurrection Church, which burned down in the great Moscow fire in May 1737. In 1742-1743, the palace was rebuilt in the Baroque style according to the design of the architect M.G. Zemtsova.
The Pokrovsky Palace was the favorite vacation spot of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. It was here, according to legend, that her unofficial wedding to her favorite Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky was celebrated. The palace survived until the 70s of the 19th century, when, during its transfer to the Intercession community of sisters of mercy, additions were made, and the facade was made in the spirit of elegant architectural decoration of the 17th century.
Moscow-Ryazan Line railway“cut” the property of the Pokrovskaya community, passing under the very windows of its main building (44 Gastello Street), located in the former Pokrovsky Palace.
The boyar family of the Sheins ended with the children of the generalissimo. He was married twice: the first marriage was to Anna Petrovna, the daughter of the devious prince Pyotr Alekseevich Dolgorukov (died on August 12, 1677 and was buried in the Moscow Epiphany Monastery near the Kazan Church), and the second to Marfa Mikhailovna, daughter of Mikhail Bogdanovich Priklonsky (died in April 1713 year and was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery). The commander's first son, Peter, died as an infant on July 14, 1674 and was buried in the Moscow Nativity Monastery, and the second, Sergei, died abroad, where he studied navigation, and left no offspring.
The first Russian generalissimo died on February 12, 1700 at the age of 48 and was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery near the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit (currently the Holy Trinity Lavra of Sergius in the city of Sergiev Posad).
Court, state and military activities of A.S. Sheina
Alexei Semenovich began serving at the royal court in 1672. As a representative of a noble old Moscow boyar family, he began his career with the rank of steward. According to descriptions from the “Discharges”, at various court ceremonies, he dressed up wines, looked over the sovereign’s tables at ceremonial court dinners, served as a market speaker at receptions of foreign ambassadors, accompanied the king during his trips to monasteries and suburban villages - in a word, he took an active part in all court activities. life of that time. At the same time, he was mentioned in the positions of sleeping bag and room attendant.
From April 6, 1680 to January 5, 1682 A.S. Shein was in the voivodeship in Tobolsk. This was an important stage in his career. Firstly, the future commander was appointed to the first position, which was entrusted with the functions of military command. And, secondly, at the end of the 17th century, Tobolsk governors ruled all of Siberia, and boyars were appointed to govern the eastern outskirts of Russia. For example, the steward and governor A.S. Shein was replaced in Tobolsk in the voivodeship by boyar Pyotr Vasilyevich Sheremetev, and Alexey Semenovich was replaced by boyar Prince Alexey Andreevich Golitsyn.
Probably, the successful fulfillment of the duties of the first governor in Siberia became a prerequisite for his career growth. Returning from Tobolsk to Moscow at the beginning of 1682, A.S. On April 10, 1682, Shein was granted boyar status at the thirtieth year of his life.
After the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, he took part in the coronation of John and Peter Alekseevich. During the Streltsy riot of 1682, he took part in the campaign to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where the royal family was fleeing. In 1683-1684, Shein was in the voivodeship in Kursk, where he was instructed to organize several rifle regiments expelled from Moscow, which after the riot of 1682 seemed dangerous to public peace in Moscow. In 1684, when the proximity of war with Turkey and Crimea had already become clear, Shein was sent to the southern borders to inspect border fortresses, assess their combat readiness and prepare for defense.
To be continued…
Alexey Semenovich Shein was born in 1662. He came from a Russian boyar family, which became most famous in the 16th century.
Alexey Semenovich Shein is the great-grandson of the famous commander and statesman of the Russian state M.B. Shein, who led the defense of Smolensk during the Polish-Lithuanian intervention of 1609 -1611. A. S. Shein was a boyar from 1682, the closest boyar from 1685, served as governor in Kursk from 1683 to 1684.
Assault on Azov
Peter I, who came to power, decided to get Russia access to the Azov and Black Seas as soon as possible. To this end, the young sovereign began to form an army for the first Azov campaign and attracted A.S. Shein for this matter. The former Kursk governor formed an army. It contained about three thousand infantry, 115 siege mortars, 12 field howitzers, and 44 arquebuses.
On August 5, the first assault on Azov by Russian troops began, but it was unsuccessful. Failure awaited the Russian troops later, during the assault on September 25. Finally, the command was given to lift the siege, which seemed useless.
To prepare the second Azov campaign, Peter I initially appointed him a generalissimo, but he fell ill at the last moment. And the same A.S. Shein, who was appointed generalissimo instead of the ill Cherkassky, had to continue the preparations.
This time, Peter and Shein decided to act against the Turks not only with ground forces, but also with a fleet, which could cut off the supply of Azov from the sea.
The Turkish commandant of the Azov fortress, Hasan-Arslan, proposed a dagger fight between two heroes, and appointed an experienced Circassian fighter. Peter I, for his part, nominated Aldar-batyr, who emerged victorious from this battle.
The first assault failed: the attack of the Crimean Tatars, the allies of the Turks, from the right bank of the Dnieper prevented it. At the direction of A.S. Shein, the Don and Bashkir Cossacks repelled this attack, but time was lost. And during the counterattack against the Crimean Tatars, Aldar-batyr was also slightly wounded.
Generalissimo Shein began to prepare a second assault on Azov. He sent reconnaissance to the enemy's rear - Aldarbatyr and Birdikul. “We need language,” said the Generalissimo.
Do whatever you want, but get the prisoner.” The scouts managed to penetrate behind enemy lines and captured a noble bek. But they were noticed by the Turks, who rushed in pursuit.
The scouts overtaken in the field put up serious resistance, but only four, including the wounded Aldar-batyr, managed to return to the camp of the Russian troops. Both the Generalissimo and Tsar Peter I himself highly appreciated the feat of the scouts; they all received royal letters.
Aldar Batyr’s victory in the duel before the start of the first assault somehow predetermined the victory of the entire Russian army. On July 18, 1696, Azov was captured by joint actions of the army and navy. Moscow solemnly welcomed the winners.
Generalissimo A.S. Shein rode into the capital on a white horse, accompanied by 30 horsemen, and Peter I walked on foot in German clothing. The second generalissimo and prince-caesar awarded Tsar Peter the rank of captain for this victory.
Bribe taker Shein
But Alexey Semenovich Shein did not bask in the glory of the winner of the Turks for long. He was soon removed from all affairs. And the reason was denunciations against him. The Generalissimo and the hero of the Azov campaign were accused of nothing less than bribery! We checked. Indeed, Generalissimo Shein promoted him to officer status and promoted him to military ranks for a certain bribe.
In addition, Peter I suspected that during the investigation of the Streltsy rebellion, Shein had hidden something - he dealt with its leaders too soon. Maybe so that the investigation could not be carried out to the end? Did Shein hide the threads of the conspiracy leading to Princess Sophia?
Alexey Semenovich Shein died on his family estate in 1700. And he remained in history as the winner of the Turks near Azov.
Section 1. TO THE HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF A.S. SHEIN
The ancient old Moscow boyar family of the Sheins is a branch of the more ancient boyar family of the Morozovs, who in turn trace their ancestry back to the ancestor Mikhail Prushanin (= Pruzhanin) from a noble family, a Novgorodian (from Veliky Novgorod!) who, according to legend, came from Prussia (See Note No. No. 1 and 2). His year of birth is not known exactly, but it is known that he lived somewhere at the end of the 12th - beginning. X111th century, died in Novgorod and was buried in the Church of St. Michael the Archangel, on Prusskaya Street. So, the son of Mikhail Prushanin, Terenty, was a boyar of the Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky (who, as is known, was erected Orthodox Church as saints!), participated and distinguished himself in the Battle of the Neva on July 12, 1240. And Lev Ivanovich Morozov, who was a descendant of his ancestor in the sixth generation, was an active participant in the Battle of Kulikovo, where he died heroically on September 8, 1380, commanding the left flank of the Russian troops. “Lev Morozov and many others laid down their lives for the Fatherland,” we read from N.M. Karamzin (see Note No. 3).
The surname “Morozov” itself comes from the nickname “Moroz”, which was worn by Ivan Semyonovich Prushanin, who was born ~ 1330/35 and was the great-great-grandson of the ancestor Mikhail Prushanin!
It should be noted that Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.B. Veselovsky, for example, classified the Morozov boyar family as one of the “most ancient” (see Note No. 4). The Morozov boyars had an exceptionally high position in the 16th–11th centuries. In the one and a half century period from Ivan 111 to the Time of Troubles, up to thirty Duma members, boyars and okolnichy came out of this family. Although the disgraces and executions of Ivan the Terrible did not spare the Morozovs, and at the time of the Romanovs’ accession only a few representatives of this family remained, which was destined to be suppressed in the 16th century, but it was the reign of the first two Romanovs that was the time of greatest success for the Morozovs. Two of them, the brothers Boris and Gleb Ivanovich Morozov, in their youth were sleeping bags of their peer, the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, that is, they were “household, indoor, closest people.” This appointment, as researchers believe, “... they received due to their kinship and affinity with the Romanovs.” Suffice it to say that one of their relatives was the great-grandfather of Tsar Mikhail’s mother, and the other two relatives, the Saltykovs, were his cousins (see Note No. 5). Boris Ivanovich Morozov was granted a boyar status in 1634, in connection with his appointment as uncle to Tsarevich Alexei Mikhailovich. When Alexei married into the state in 1645, his mentor became a temporary worker, a “strong man.” As they put it then, the king “looked out of his mouth” (see Note No. 6).
Boris Ivanovich Morozov was one of the first Russian boyars who became strongly addicted to Western European things. He introduced the method of visual teaching into the prince’s curriculum and introduced him to certain subjects through German engraved pictures; He also introduced another even more daring novelty into the Moscow sovereign palace - he dressed Tsarevich Alexei and his brother in German dress (see Note No. 7).
It should be noted that the brothers Boris and Gleb Ivanovich (who also had a brother, Mikhail Ivanovich, a boyar (1676), who was married to Princess Domna Semyonovna Prozorovskaya, but they had no children) were direct descendants of the ancestor Mikhail Prushanin in the XI century. (See Note No. 8).
For his time, Boris Ivanovich Morozov (1590 - 1661) was a completely educated and intelligent person. Contemporaries considered him, who was the official head of the government, and in fact the head of state, a “smart ruler,” but who, according to the historian S.M. Solovyov, “failed to rise to the point of not becoming a temporary worker.” Moreover, he was one of the richest people in Russia at that time: he owned 55 thousand peasants and 7254 households! – It was unheard of wealth! Only the Tsar’s uncle Nikita Ivanovich Romanov, and one of the Cherkasov princes, Yakov Kudenetovich, had the same number of courtyards.
To establish his family ties with the Tsar, Boris Ivanovich initiated the marriage of Alexei Mikhailovich (January 16, 1648) to the daughter of his henchman nobleman Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky - Maria. At the Tsar’s wedding, Boris Ivanovich played the first role - he was with the Tsar “in his father’s place.” Ten days later they played another wedding: Boris Morozov, a widower and already an elderly man, married the Tsarina’s sister Anna for a second marriage and became the Tsar’s brother-in-law (see Note No. 9).
As for the actual boyar family of the Sheins, its founder is the boyar Vasily Mikhailovich Morozov - a direct descendant of the ancestor Mikhail Prushanin in the seventh generation, who bore the nickname “Sheya”. He died on January 15, 1466 and from him came the Shein family (see Note No. 10). It was Vasily Mikhailovich who owned the village of Bylovo in the Moscow district as a patrimony. His son, Dmitry Vasilyevich, the governor of Kazan, who was killed in the Kazan campaign of 1506, had a patrimony with. Metropolitan of Seletskaya volost on the Vyazi River.
It should be noted that there were many historical figures in the Shein boyar family. (see Note No. 11) So, judging by some historical information, there was another boyar family of the Sheins, which genetically goes back to the nickname of the boyar Konstantin Dmitrievich “Neck” - the son of Dmitry Alexandrovich Zern, the grandson of the Chetov. “The genealogy is Chet, and in baptism his name is Zechariah, and Zechariah has a son, Alexander, and Alexander has a son, Zerno.” Dmitry Alexandrovich was the grandson of Murza Chet, who left the Golden Horde for service in Moscow ca. 1330 Under Ivan Danilovich Kalita, the Prince of Moscow (from 1325) and the Grand Duke of Vladimir from 1328), who laid the foundations for the political and economic power of Moscow. (see Note No. 12)
In addition, there were other prominent personalities in the Shein family: the boyar, the legendary governor, the courageous defender who led the Smolensk defense in 1609-11 - Mikhail Borisovich Shein. He was a direct descendant of Mikhail Prushanin in the 11th generation. After a heroic confrontation that lasted 20 months, being wounded and betrayed by a certain Andrei Dedeshev, who ran over to the enemy camp, showing them that part of the fortress wall that had been knocked out the day before in the battle of November 21, 1610. and hastily resumed in wet weather and therefore was not durable, the enemies who hit it with cannons destroyed it and on June 3, 1611, at night, burst into the city through a breach. Shein with his wife and children (son Ivan and daughter) stood on the tower and, after desperate resistance, being wounded, was captured by Yakov Pototsky himself. After torture and interrogation, Shein was shackled; The Polish king Sigismund took his son for himself, and gave his wife and daughter to Lev Sapega.
It is also known that it was Filaret who supported the election of the son of the Polish king Sigismund 111, Vladislav, to the Russian throne and the conclusion of an agreement on August 17, 1610 with the Polish hetman Zolkiewski on this issue. In September 1610, he headed the “Great Embassy” to besieged Smolensk, which was supposed to finally consolidate the articles of the August Treaty. However, during the negotiations, Filaret realized that Sigismund 111 wanted to become the Tsar of Moscow himself and refused to change the terms of the agreement. Then Sigismund arrested Filaret with part of the embassy that supported him, and sent him in April 1611. to Poland.
But during Filaret’s stay in Polish captivity, a Zemsky Sobor was convened in Moscow, which chose the 16-year-old son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (Patriarch Filaret), cousin of the late Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich from the Rurikovich dynasty - Romanov, proclaiming him king on February 12 1613, who accepted the throne on March 14 and was crowned king on July 11, 1613. And already on March 10 of the same year, an embassy was sent to Warsaw with the goal of achieving peace with Poland and the release of the Tsar’s father. However, King Sigismund recognized only his own son as king, to whom Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov himself had sworn allegiance at one time. The attempt to exchange prisoners was also unsuccessful, since all the Poles were strangled in Moscow prisons.
After a failed attempt Polish troops in 1617-18 capture Moscow, Russia, according to the truce reached on December 1, 1618 by Deulinsky (after the name of the village of Deulino, near the Trinity-Sergius Monastery), ceded to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands in which there were 29 cities!
In accordance with the agreement reached, Filaret returned to his homeland and on June 14, 1619, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich personally met his father, the Metropolitan, in the Presnya region ( historical district Moscow) and the son bowed to his father’s feet, and the father did the same in front of his son, the Tsar, and they remained in this position for a long time, unable to move or speak from the tears that were choking them. Moreover, Mikhail Borisovich Shein, who returned from Polish captivity, was also with Filaret. The artistic painting “Meeting of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich with his father, Metropolitan Philaret” is well known. (See Note No. 13)
Upon Filaret’s return to his homeland, he was immediately installed as patriarch and until the end of his life (in October 1633) he was the de facto ruler of the country.
How contemporaries looked at Mikhail Borisovich can be seen, for example, from a letter dated June 12, 1611, written by Kazan residents to Perm residents: “... and thus (Russian people) are consoled by God’s mercy, which God gave for the Orthodox faith a strong stand, His Holiness Hermogenes, Patriarch Moscow and all Rus', and in Smolensk - the archbishop and the former boyar Mikhail Borisovich ....” (see Note No. 14)
The year of birth of Mikhail Borisovich is unknown exactly, but his name was first found in 1598, when he, among 45 stolniks, signed a charter for the kingdom of Boris Godunov. Moreover, his signature in the charter is in twentieth place, below which are 17 princely signatures!
The closeness of the Shein family to the reigning Romanov dynasty is also due to the fact that the mother of the first tsar, Mikhail Fedorovich, the wife of Patriarch Philaret, nun Martha (in the world Ksenia) was the daughter of the Kostroma nobleman Ivan Shestov. This clan had a common ancestor with the Shein clan - Mikhail Prushanin!
Since 1619, upon returning to his homeland, Mikhail Borisovich was awarded by the tsar for his faithful service and until 1628, apparently, he carried out exclusively court service. At both weddings of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, in 1624 with Princess Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova and in 1626 with Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva, he was a groomsman on the bride’s side, and his wife, noblewoman Marya Mikhailovna, was also a matchmaker on the bride’s side... He accompanied the tsar on his country pilgrimages “campaigns”, more often than many other courtiers, he dined with the Tsar and the Patriarch, and was present at the reception of foreign ambassadors. In 1627, 1629 and 1630, Mikhail Borisovich “was in charge of Moscow” during the Tsar’s absence, etc. He was Filaret’s confidant and the head of a number of orders, as well as a participant in diplomatic negotiations.
It should be especially emphasized that, being weak as a person and in poor health, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich could not independently govern the state; initially it was led by its mother, nun Martha, and her relatives, the Saltykovs, then from 1619 to 1633 by its father, Patriarch Filaret, who officially bore the title of “great sovereign.” (see Note No. 15)
In the spring of 1632, the war with Poland began, which was called “Smolensk”, because. Russia set the goal of returning Smolensk and the lands that went to Poland according to the Deulin truce. M.B. Shein was entrusted with leading the Russian troops. However, for a number of objective reasons, completely independent of Shein, the preparation and campaign of Russian troops to liberate Russian lands was unjustifiably delayed, and then the campaign ended completely with the unsuccessful siege of Smolensk in 1632-34. Moreover, all this happened in the complete absence of the extremely necessary and promised support from Moscow by the tsar, as well as maliciously spread fabrications against Shein by selfish boyars, which dealt a strong blow not only to the prestige of the country and the throne, but, most importantly, to the vanity of the weak-willed tsar .
As in 1609-1611. (when M.B. Shein defended Smolensk!) Sigismund considered the capture of Smolensk a matter of honor, so in 1634 Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich could not come to terms with the fact that Smolensk would remain in the hands of the Poles.
Under the influence of the boyars, in conditions of complete unpreparedness of the Russian troops for offensive operations, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich initiates a military campaign against the Poles, leaves Shein without the necessary and promised support and, finally, completely unreasonably and obviously tendentiously (under the influence of the same boyars!), attributes the unsuccessful the siege of Smolensk, Shein's betrayal, allegedly due to his location towards Vladislav. (see Note No. 16)
After the death of Filaret in October 1633, Mikhail Borisovich, for his accusatory speeches, before the military campaign against Smolensk, against the cowardly and self-interested boyars, in retaliation, was slandered by them and falsely accused of treason!
The resolution of the Boyar Duma of April 18, 1634 demanded: “Shein and Izmailov with his son Vasily should be executed by death, and their estates, estates, Moscow courtyards and all property should be taken over by the sovereign; Prince Prozorovsky, Prince. Beloselsky and Semyon Artemyevich Izmailov be exiled to Siberia.”
On April 28, 1634, Mikhail Borisovich Shein and Izmailov’s son, Vasily, were publicly executed on Red Square in Moscow. The son of the chief governor, Ivan Shein, guilty only through the fault of his father, was exempted from the death penalty at the request of the queen, princes and princesses, but exiled with his mother and wife to the lower cities (see Note No. 17)
“Shein’s fate,” notes S.M. Solovyov, “is easily explained. The military history of the Moscow state has long revealed the inadequacy of the Russian army in the fight against the Swedes and Poles due to a lack of military art; the government understood this very well and tried to help the trouble: foreigners were called in, the Russians began to be taught a foreign system, but these first weak steps in business, of course, could not immediately lead to important results. Having gathered troops and money, having hired Germans, they sent a governor, famous for the defense of this city, to Smolensk; but to defend and besiege a city are two different things; Shein did not have time to starve to force Smolensk to surrender and was soon besieged by King Vladislav: .....before in Smolensk, Shein was surrounded by military men and citizens ready to fight to the death for sacred interests, but here in the prison foreigners boldly violated discipline in his eyes, not they wanted to recognize his authority over themselves, they did not want to endure hunger and cold, they demanded agreements with the enemy; Russian people are interpreting: where can the Moscow squabble fight the Lithuanian king and his people, and from Moscow there is one promise that governors are coming from all sides to help, and for three months there is no fulfillment of promises!
The author emphasizes that there is no betrayal on Shein’s part! But why did Moscow try to accuse Shein of treason? The reason is clear: Shein, with his outburst at the hand of the sovereign, mortally insulted many strong people... Philaret was not alive, and strong people hurried to avenge their dishonor.” (see Note No. 18) After Shein and Izmailov were executed in Moscow, the historian continues, “... for this, great discord was created among people, and there were big fires in Moscow, not all of Moscow burned out.” (see Note No. 19)
Even from this short message it is not at all difficult to understand on whose side exactly the sympathies of the simple Russian people. In the people's memory, Mikhail Borisovich Shein forever remained “a wise boyar, a knight of honor, an ardent patriot and a valiant defender of his Fatherland, who literally laid down his head for him.” Mikhail Borisovich Shein himself and his son Ivan, who died in the same 1634 along the way into exile, they were buried in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra only in 1642, when the spiritual insight of the authorities came, and Mikhail Borisovich’s wife, Marya Borisovna, was buried there next to her husband and son on January 21, 1651 (see Note No. 20)
Apparently, researcher E.A. Belov was absolutely right, who at the end of the 19th century noted (I quote): “The boyar families that seized power, except for their family interests, did not think about anything and aroused general displeasure against themselves. There were no moral restraints, religiosity was purely external..... It is not surprising that with such mental development, the boyars, lulled by flattery, did not notice their fall.” (See Note No. 21).
Section 2. FROM THE HISTORY OF A.S. SHEIN’S LIFE AND ACTIVITY
An outstanding statesman and commander from this family was the great voivode and first generalissimo of Russia - Alexey Semenovich Shein (1652-1700), the great-grandson of Mikhail Borisovich. The year of birth of Alexei Semyonovich Shein is indicated in all encyclopedic dictionaries as 1662 - this is incorrect! In reality He was born in 1652. (See Note No. 22). In confirmation of this fact, it is enough to say that his father, the steward, Semyon Ivanovich Shein, was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra on July 7, 1655. (See Note No. 23).
In addition, A.S. Shein’s first wife, Princess Anna Petrovna Dolgorukova, died on November 12, 1671, which means that Alexei Semenovich, according to official version, was only 9 years old (?!). Alexei Semyonovich's father is the steward Semyon Ivanovich Shein, information about whose service is extremely scarce, apparently, carried out exclusively palace service. As for the mother of Alexei Semyonovich, I literally managed to “fish out” information from the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire since 1649” (see Note No. 24), from which it is clear that her name was Avdotya Ivanovna (origin not specified!) . Moreover, the historian N.G. Ustryaldov erroneously claims that she was born a princess of Cherkassy. (see Note No. 25)
In fact, after the death of her husband, Semyon Ivanovich Shein, who was buried on July 7, 1655, Avdotya Ivanovna was married for the second time to the boyar Prince Grigory Semyonovich Cherkassky, a native of the Caucasus, who was baptized into the Orthodox faith in Moscow. His service “was exclusively courtly and took place in close proximity to the person of the Tsar.” (see Note No. 26) Moreover, the first wife of Prince Cherkassky, Princess Praskovya Nikitichna Odoevskaya, was buried on July 8, 1656 in the same Trinity Sergius Lavra (see Note No. 27) The fact of Avdotya Ivanovna’s second marriage is indirectly confirmed by the fact that her there is no grave near the grave ex-husband- Semyon Ivanovich and son - Alexey Semyonovich!
He, as they say in historical sources, was one of the best commanders of the day n n russian times, enjoyed the favor of Peter the Great. His name was first mentioned in 1671. among the “close people” on the wedding train in connection with the wedding of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who married for the second time Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, the father and mother of Peter the Great. During these years, Alexey Semyonovich took an active part in palace life and made a brilliant career. At the meeting of the Persian ambassadors in 1675, he, like other close people, went with his “court”, and his “court” always stood out for its splendor and crowdedness among the same attendants. Already under Tsar Fyodor Miloslavskaya, who had only 13 children, including Alekseevich (the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to Maria Ilyinichna and the ruler Sophia), Alexey Semyonovich ruled in Tobolsk (1680-82), then in 1683-85 . was a governor in Kursk. In 1687 and 1689, He took part in the Crimean campaigns, where he commanded an army consisting of regiments of the Novgorod category. Upon returning from the second Crimean campaign, he introduced himself on July 20 to Peter the Great in Kolomenskoye, together with Prince V.V. Golitsyn. During the clashes between sister Sophia and brother Peter the Great in August 1689, we see him in Moscow and on August 29 He is mentioned among the boyars who accompanied the princess in her failed trip to Trinity for reconciliation with Peter. But then Alexey Semyonovich sided with Peter, traveled with him to Preobrazhenskoye and the Savvin Monastery in November 1689, and the next year (1690) he took part in a voyage to Kolomenskoye. At the coronation of Tsars Ivan and Peter, He already carried the royal hat in the rank of boyar. Then A.S. Shein took part in the Azov campaigns of 1695 and 1696!
However, the most important, outstanding merit of A.S. Shein as a commander was the brilliant, victorious Azov campaign of 1696, which He talentedly led, and where for the first time in military history Russia was elevated to the highest military rank of “Generalissimo”!!!
The term “generalissimo” itself comes from the Latin. generalissimus = the highest military rank in a number of countries, awarded for particularly outstanding military merit. (see A.N. Bulyko. Large dictionary of foreign words. M, 2006, p. 141)
The title of generalissimo in Russia is first found in the Charter of Weide Adam Adamovich (1667-1720) - a general, one of the comrades-in-arms of Peter the Great, where it is said: “Generalissimo or full governor... He commands the entire army...”. (see Note No. 28) Then this title was not used until 1716 and was not included in the “Table of Ranks”. The Military Regulations of 1716 say: “This rank is due to crowned heads and great ruling princes, and especially to those who have an army.” During the entire existence of the Russian Empire, this title, besides Shein, was awarded to only three military leaders: Prince. A.D. Menshikov (05/12/1727); Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick - father of Emperor John U1 Vantonovich and Count A.V. Suvorov - Rymniksky, Prince of Italy (10/28/1799). This took place on January 9, 1696. (see Note No. 29)
A detailed report on the campaign of Alexei Semyonovich Shenak to Azov, the capture of it and the city of Lyutik, the solemn return from there with a victorious army to Moscow, was first published in St. Petersburg in 1773 by Vasily Ruban. According to the information of the mentioned author, the total number of the Russian army in the Azov campaign of 1696 was 46,253 people, including 41,471 soldiers and archers!
It is known that during the triumphal entry into Moscow on September 30, 1696, after the capture of Azov, “the king walked on foot, and Shein and Lefort rode on a gilded sleigh.” (see Note No. 30) When passing through the triumphal gates, “preceded by the kettledrum players and trumpeters they carried the badge of boyar Shein,” and Vinius, standing at the gate, “said a greeting to him through the trumpet” in verse, in which he called Shein “the Great Voivode.” This greeting was accompanied by the firing of cannons. (see Note No. 31)
In letters of communication sent to all European states, Tsar Peter the first calls Shein “the conqueror of Azov,” who was in the hands of the Turks for several hundred years!
For this first great victory during the reign of Peter the Great, which had a wide resonance in the world, the tsar generously rewarded all the warriors who participated in the Azov campaign, but the highest award, of course, went to the triumphant A.S. Shein. He was awarded a gold medal worth 13 gold (chervonets), a cup with a roof (lid), a golden (brocade) caftan with sables, an addition to his salary of 250 rubles, and the Baryshskaya Sloboda in the Altyr district was granted the patrimony. (Let's compare: the first admiral of the Russian fleet Lefort, whom Tsar Peter 1 highly valued, received a gold medal worth 7 chervonets..., and a patrimony in the Epifansky district, the village of Bogoyavlenskoye with villages of 140 households; Gordon and Golovin - each a gold medal worth 6 chervonets..., to the patrimony 100 households each (see Note No. 32)
The nature of the relationship between Peter the Great and A.S. Shein can be judged by at least one well-known episode, which Gordon told: after the triumphal procession through Moscow on September 30, 1696, Generalissimo Shein took the captive Tatar Atalik and banners taken from the Turks. In the evening the king sent for the banners, demanding them to come to him. Shein refused to hand them over. The king sent a second time, but also to no avail, and only the third time, having received a strict reprimand, Shein agreed to hand them over. (see Note No. 33) From this fact it clearly follows that the authority of Generalissimo A.S. Shein in the state was very high at that time!
Then, during the foreign travel of Peter 1, A.S. Shein was in charge of a foreign order, commanded the country’s armed forces and again inflicted a heavy defeat on the Turks at the river. Kagalnik, who intended to recapture Azov. And during the mutiny of the archers on June 18, 1698, after repeated failed attempts to bring them to their senses, he completely defeated their regiments near Voskresensk. (see Note No. 34)
Before the suppression of the Streltsy revolt by A.S. Shein near Voskresensk, the Streltsy had a good opinion of him. Here, for example, is what I.E. Tsikler, one of the builders of Taganrog, a rebel, a “fodder foreigner,” a duma nobleman and colonel, one of the most zealous, said about him as a Streltsy candidate for the royal throne (under the executioner’s whip in February 1697). adherents of Princess Sophia, - to the brother of the noblewoman Morozova - Alexei Prokofievich Sokovnin: “Shein is rootless among us, he has one son and he is a kind man.” (see Note No. 35) And although after the suppression of the rebellion and severe punishment of the instigators, the surviving archers spoke of the Generalissimo as the first candidate “for their spears,” nevertheless, Peter 1 never forgot Shein that he, punishing the archers, did not reveal (by accident or intentionally?) their connection with Princess Sophia. And researcher N.N. Sakhnovsky noted in this regard that: “Even on Shein’s rather magnificent tombstone in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, there was no place for the word “Generalissimo.” (See Note No. 36)
On May 25, 2001, I made a special visit to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, which is located 72 km from Moscow, which was founded by Ven. Sergius of Radonezh (b. May 3, 1314 - d. September 25, 1392). I met here by chance the novice Artemy, who kindly accompanied me around the Lavra in search of the burial place of Generalissimo A.S. Shein. Unfortunately, I never found the Generalissimo’s tombstone. Artemy expressed the opinion that the Generalissimo’s tombstone was removed for the purpose of its restoration and was moved to the local history museum. I did not have time to get to the museum, but nevertheless my efforts were rewarded by the fact that it was from Artemy that I first learned about the existence of a specially printed “List of those buried in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra”2, specially published in 1880, and for several days already later he was able to find him. Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy E. Golubinsky notes (I quote): “in former times, eminent and rich people had great zeal to be buried in the Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius.” And then he writes: “ But there are very few historically known people buried here.” From the “old time” he names only four: Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy (06/24/1625); 1642) and the great-grandson of the latter - Alexei Semenovich Shein (02/12/1700) (see Note No. 37).
The above-mentioned circumstance, undoubtedly, was the reason for the “cooling” of the attitude of Tsar Peter the First towards A.S. Shein (obviously, he was dissatisfied with insufficient devotion!), which affected the further fate of the latter, although there was no open break between them. At the end of 1699, A.S. Shein traveled with Tsar Peter the First to Voronezh. But after this, Alexey Semyonovich did not live long and the reason for his imminent death is still unknown to us!
During the burial of A.S. Shein at the family cemetery in Sergeev Pasad (near the altar wall of the Church of the Holy Spirit!) on February 12, 1700, the famous hierarch Stefan Yavorsky (Simeon), who arrived specially from the Kiev-Nikolsky Monastery, gave a passionate speech, who addressed attracted the attention of Tsar Peter 1 (the first) who was present there and the entire royal family.
At the request of the Tsar, Yavorsky was soon appointed Metropolitan of Ryazan, and after the death of Patriarch Adrian, he was appointed locum tenens of the patriarchal throne.
“The Lord’s yard of the Sheins (where Alexey Semenovich apparently lived and died - L.K.) was located behind the Arbat Gate (in Moscow - L.K.) and in this yard fugitive people settled in settlements,” notes S.M. Solovyov . (see Note No. 38)
By decree of Tsar Peter the First, announced on January 13, 1696, a kind of freedom was opened for serfs: they were given the right to enroll in military service in the Azov campaign and, thus, be freed from serfdom. (see Note No. 39) This is obviously how “fugitive people” arose, who settled in settlements in the Sheins’ master’s courtyard in Moscow.
It is known that Alexey Semyonovich Shein did not leave any children after his death. It is in this connection that S.M. Solovyov has information that “Nesterov reported (in 1714, after the death of Alexei Semenovich’s second wife, noblewoman Marfa Mikhailovna Sheina, née Preklonskaya, who was buried in Sergiev Posad next to her husband in April 1713 - L.K.), that the escheated belongings of the Sheins were stolen, a lot of them were transported to Prince Yakov Dolgoruky, to Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich Dolgorukov, to the Kolomna Bishop.” (see Note No. 40) The attitude of Peter the Great to the state merits of A.S. Shein is eloquently evidenced, in particular, by the following circumstance:
Shortly before his death, Peter the First, who became the Great, dreamed of building monuments to his late military associates - Lefort, Shein, Gordon and Sheremetyev, saying about them (I quote): “These Men are eternal monuments in Russia with loyalty and merit!” He wanted to erect these monuments in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery (now the Lavra in St. Petersburg - L.K.), under the shadow of the ancient holy prince, the Nevsky hero. The drawings of the monuments had already been sent to Rome to the best sculptors, but due to the death of the emperor the matter did not take place. (see Note No. 41)
According to Prince Peter Dolgorukov, the younger brother of Alexei Semenovich Shein, Vasily, “was unable to serve due to illness and died at the age of 20, leaving a son, Ivan, who had five sons: Yakov, Ivan, Fedor, Fedot and Vasily. Their descendants still exist in the Novosilsky district of the Tula province.” (see Note No. 42)
Meanwhile, in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra there is not only the burial of the mother, but also Alexei Semenovich’s brother, Vasily Semenovich. This fact corresponds with my Mother’s message that her ancestors, as Old Believers - “zealots of ancient piety”, were exiled to “distant” cities!
As for the Old Believers and the so-called. “Schism” is a religious and social movement in Russia that arose in the middle. 11th century in connection with church reforms carried out by Patriarch Nikon (1605-1681), who actively intervened in the internal and foreign policy state under the thesis “the priesthood is higher than the kingdom” (which ultimately caused not only an open break between the patriarch and Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich but, most importantly, split the entire society with hostility!), then there is no need to dwell on this here, since there is enough about this written in detail in specialized and reference literature. (see Note No. 43)
It is only necessary to note that the government, in accordance with the law of April 7, 1685, adopted a resolution providing for only 10 points for punishing schismatics (= Old Believers), of which the first five provided for the death penalty, and paragraphs. 7-9 - exile “to distant cities” and hard labor. Old Believers did not have the right to hold public positions and be witnesses in trials against the Orthodox. They were required to wear a special kind of dress: men - a dyed single-row with a lying necklace and a homespun zipun with a standing glued trump card of red cloth; women - opashny and hats with horns. Dissenters could wear a beard, but it was subject to a special tax, etc. However, all these harsh measures not only did not stop, but, on the contrary, intensified the spread of the split!
It is quite remarkable that it was from among the Old Believers that the merchant elite emerged. Gradually, the majority of the Old Believer consensus lost its oppositional character in relation to the royal power and the official church. This especially applies to the priesthood from which, as you know, many merchants and entrepreneurs emerged. (see Note No. 44) This fact, meanwhile, is very noteworthy in the sense that my Mother’s grandfather, Nikolai Nikolaevich Shein, was precisely a merchant of the highest guild!
My Mother's father, Ivan Nikolaevich Shein, like his father and ancestors, was an old believer and, as such, wore a beard, even at the time of his marriage to Valentina Ivanovna Dmitrieva. Not only my Mother told me about this, but also a surviving photograph of Ivan Nikolaevich himself, where he appears with a beard. Also known is the only portrait of Generalissimo A.S. Shein, taken from the engraving by A. Shkhonebek (1699) “The Capture of Azov.” According to researcher N.N. Sakhnovsky, he “shows us a person with lively, intelligent eyes; his shoulders indicate remarkable strength; he prances on a horse like an experienced rider.” (See Note No. 45). Moreover, he is also depicted here with a beard and mustache!
And although the year of birth of Vasily Semyonovich Shein is unknown to me for sure, I do know that he was the younger brother of Alexei Semyonovich, born in August 1652. From a comparison of these facts with the year of death of their father, who was buried on July 7, 1655 in the Sergius Lavra, it follows that Vasily Semyonovich Shein was born between 1653 and 1655. And if you take into account the information from the book. Peter Dolgorukov that Vasily died at the age of 20, then the most likely years of his death are 1673 - 1675. Moreover, these were those years when nothing could prevent Vasily Semyonovich from being buried in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, where his father, Semyon Ivanovich, was already buried in 1655, except his active involvement in the Old Believers! Moreover, it is very likely that he, Vasily Semyonovich, being already a married Old Believer, was in exile and died, apparently, not in Moscow. Consequently, the version about the exile of Vasily Semyonovich Shein to “distant cities” as an Old Believer with his entire family - his wife (of unknown origin!) and his only son Ivan, acquires realistic grounds.
So, from one of the mentioned five sons of Ivan Vasilyevich Shein, apparently, the branch of the boyar family of Shein continued to the descendants of which, as obviously, should be considered the father of Elizaveta Ivanovna - Ivan Nikolaevich Shein (1874-1918), who personally told his daughters that His ancestors were boyars and even took part in the Battle of Kulikovo!
In general, my older brother Igor and I have only one conditional assumption, which is associated with the arbitrarily (I hope so far!) chosen name of one of the five sons of Ivan Vasilyevich, who is the direct ancestor of our Mother - for some reason, I It seems that this is Ivan Ivanovich, and to my brother - Vasily Ivanovich. However, one way or another is not at all important, since we are talking about the genus itself as such. I hope that further efforts in this direction will allow, if not me, then my descendants, to bring final clarity to this aspect of the study!
After all, ever since I became aware of my Mother’s genealogy in general terms, I have not stopped researching in this direction. The result was the receipt of quite extensive and very interesting historical information about the Mother’s ancestors, especially on the paternal side. In particular, about the life and activities of such outstanding military and government figures of Russia as the legendary governor Mikhail Borisovich Shein (who, by the way, had princely dignity until he was tendentiously and falsely accused of treason!) and the first generalissimo of Russia, boyar Alexey Semenovich Shein et al.
In the history of the boyar family of the Sheins, as in a mirror, the centuries-old history of Russia and its people were reflected (especially in the 15th - 16th centuries!), which is not subject to oblivion by grateful and morally educated descendants!
Moscow,
September 2002
NOTES:
1. S.M. Solovyov. History of Russia from ancient times. vol.4, pp. 618-620
2. A. Kurbsky. The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow. - In the book. "Monuments
literature of ancient Rus'. Second half of the 16th century." Moscow, 1986,
ss.351-352
3. N.M. Karamzin. History of the Russian State. Moscow, 1989, pp.39-41
4. S.B.Veselovsky. Feudal land tenure in the Northeast
Rus'. Moscow-Leningrad, 1947, vol. 1, p. 197.
5. Decree. cit., pp.30 and 213
6. See “The Tale of Boyarina Morozova.” Moscow, 1991, pp.8-9.
7. V.O.Klyuchevsky. Russian history course. t. 111, Moscow, 1988, p. 302.
8. A.B. Lobanov-Rostovsky. Russian genealogy book. vol.1, ed. 2,
S.-Pbg., 1895, p.399.
9. See “The Tale of Boyarina Morozova”, Moscow, 1991, pp. 5-18
10.See “State Archives of Russia in the 16th century. Reconstruction experience
Part 111, Moscow, 1978, p. 521.
11. S.M. Solovyov. History of Russia from ancient times. vol.2, pp. 310,
350, 387-388
12.See illustration in the book “House of Romanov”, S.-Pbg,. 1992, p.11.
13 See “Russian Biographical Dictionary”, St. Petersburg, 1911, p.47
14.See “House of the Romanovs”, St. Petersburg, 1992, p. 17.
15.See "Russian Biographical Dictionary". St.-Pbg., 1911, pp. 41-59.
16. S.M. Solovyov. History of Russia from ancient times. t.U, ss. 163-179
17 Ibid., ss. 175-176.
18. Ibid., p. 178.
19.See "List of those buried in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra." Moscow, 1880, p.15
20.E.A.Belov. Russian history before the reforms of Peter the Great. S.-Pbg.,
1895, ss. 407-408
21.See "Historical, political and literary magazine" Son
Fatherland." S.Pbg., 1822, No. 12, ss. 228-229).
22.See “Dictionary of the Russian language X1 – XU11 centuries. Moscow, 1997).
23.N.G.Ustryalov. Decree. Soch., vol. 2, S.-Pbg., 1858, p. 263.
24. S.M. Solovyov. Decree. Works, vol.U111, p.544.
25.M.M.Bogoslovsky. Peter 1. Materials for a biography. vol.1, 1940, p.348
26. Decree. cit., p.372.
27. Decree. cit., p.350.
28.See “Korb's Diary. Brief description of the dangerous mutiny of the Streltsy
in Muscovy." - Readings of the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities.
1867, 1-111, pp. 207-232 1868.
29. S.M. Solovyov. Decree. cit., 546.
30.N.N.Sakhnovsky. The first domestic genealissitmus. - Questions Magazine
history", Moscow, 1987, No. 7, p. 182; E. Golubinsky. Reverend
Sergius of Radonezh and the Trinity Lavra created by him. Moscow, Synod.
Printing house, 1909, pp. 271-273
31. S.M. Solovyov. Decree. cit., p.489. By decree of Tsar Peter 1 announced
On January 13, 1696, a kind of exit for the serfs opened
people to freedom: they were given the right to register for
military service in the Azov campaign and thus be released
from serfdom (see Zhelyabuzhsky. Notes. Published by... Sahorov,
p.28). This is how “fugitive people” obviously arose and settled
settlements in the master's courtyard of the Sheins in Moscow.
32. S.M. Solovyov. Decree. Works, 494.
33.V.O.Klyuchevsky. Works in 1X volumes, vol. U111, Moscow, 1990, p. 392
34.See "Russian ancestry". S.-Pbg., 1857, p.217.
35.See "Christianity". - Encyclopedic Dictionary. t. 2, Moscow,
1995, pp. 434-452.
36 See TSB, ed., 3, vol. 24-1, pp. 1276-1277.
37.See Appendix No. 2 " Family tree noble family of the Sheins."
38.See TSB, ed., 111, pp. 431-432.
39. TSB, ed. 3, vol. 19, p. 1001
40. For more details about the circumstances of the fall of Perm, see TSB, ed. 3,
ss.1279-1281.
41.In XY! - 11th century Perm the Great was one of the most important centers
salt production in Russia.
42. S.M. Solovyov. Decree. Works, vol. U111, ss. 174-175
43. The surname “Dmitrievs” is listed among the noble families in “Velvet”
book" under No. 241 on page 159.
44.7 January 1920 the 3rd and 5th Red Armies liberated
Krasnoyarsk from the Kolchakites, where they were captured about
20 thousand people.
APPLICATION:
(L.I. Kolbaya. Ode to Shein to Alexei Semenovich - the great
voivode and first generalissimo of Russia
- P O S V I A S A E T S I!)
I am in our fleeting life,
I decided to find out everything about you,
And having figured it out forever,
Pass it on to your descendants!
* * *
I am a tribute of admiration not for the sake of fashion,
I want to give you my idol,
Hero of the Azov campaigns,
Where he became famous throughout the world!
The Turks were seated in Azov,
People have been robbed for centuries,
And how could they - they oppressed
And thus the Russian race was ruined!
At the end of the seventeenth century,
Peter the Great called out to the country,
He also called you for success,
So that the enemy is beaten in the war!
He entrusted you with the work of life,
To lead regiments against the enemy,
But don’t feast at the funeral feast, -
You must surpass your enemies in mind and spirit!
You have been given great honor,
To be a generalissimo there
So that the enemies know
Is it possible to beat the Russians with it?
Peter Gordon followed you,2
Karlus Andreevich Rigmon, 3
And the son of Mikhailov - Golovin, 4
And every other Moscow rank!
Our admiral there is Franz Lefort,5
He led the fleet against the Turks at sea,
And from land you pressed the fort,
To destroy the enemy stronghold!
Prushanin 6 - Your great ancestor,
There was a Novgorodian, a nobleman,
I bow to his ashes heartily,
He is a very noble Christian!
And your great-grandfather - Mikhailo Shein 7
He was a governor, Philaret’s 8th friend,
He's falsely accused of treason
Becoming a victim of the devil's efforts!
Mikhailo did not escape disgrace,
“Thanks” to the boyar shackles,
They, after all, ruled “at the ball”,
And that’s what every rogue here did!
But having proven that it is no coincidence,
The Spirit of your ancestors is great in your soul,
You have surpassed extraordinarily,
All commanders and friends of science!
The generals respected you
They followed you on a dangerous path,
But they didn’t run from the battlefield,
To swallow false happiness!
You have become an example of valor,
Expert in the art of war,
Great strategist, beyond all measure,
Give your sacred duty!
They went to Azov without delay,
The Turks' fleet was sunk,
And having done it without regret,
You besieged their own fort 9
But the enemies could not resist,
You had enough skill and courage,
And they threw flags at their feet,
When there was no salvation for them!
And let go in peace, go home to the enemies,
You took Azov without deception,
And having planted his governor here,
You sent Ivan10 to Buttercup City
A church was founded in Azov,
In the name of the Holy Mother of God, 11
They then served Her for glory,
All remembering that Victory Day!
Victory spread with glory,
The triumph of Great Peter has come,
Russia has appeared in the world
Like a rising star!
And you were solemnly greeted,
Moscow was at your feet,
They composed glorious poems for you
And not everyone could hold back the joy of tears!
The king followed your cart,
I wanted to give you honor,
The army of Victory followed you,
Shield of battle and glorious deeds!
Such a triumph was ensured
Mind, talent and soul,
You didn't speak loudly
Don't brag about yourself in everything!
Having achieved the highest success
In victorious, military in fact,
Joy did not destroy you,
You created a state house!
Head of the Russian army,
Created a strong shield for the country,
You have become the Motherland's mission,
Breaking the shackles off Satan!
You have become very famous
They often feasted with Peter,
When He went abroad,
You worked from morning until morning!
But who knew that death was rushing towards you,
That at forty-eight years old is the end,
That life will end so early,
Will the evil crown mercilessly overtake?!
You are burnt out in your work,
High debt has overcome you,
But there was no higher concern,
How to recognize success in business!
Now the descendants have forgotten
Who built Russia's home,
How you laid down your life,
Keeping everything in mind, what then?!
For the great Spirit and for valor,
All the people bowed to you,
For a high mind and for pride,
The boyar family is plotting against you!
Their vulgar envy consumed them,
Your success did not let me sleep,
But they were missing something
To show off your deeds of valor!
After all, who vegetates in idleness,
He will not do any good,
He hovers in shameful gossip,
He will not spare holy people!
You only need to judge by the case,
And not according to the gossip of fools,
Everything that is closer to the body is dearer to them,
It would be a shame to throw off their shackles!
Live for centuries, you are the memory of your ancestors,
And the glorious Spirit of great works,
We still wage wars often,
But is this our destiny?!
We don't need someone else's happiness
In a vast country, everything is available for future use,
We should put things in order,
Learn from the past!
We need to live peacefully for a long time,
Solve problems with your mind,
Treat all nations in a friendly manner,
And look for evil in yourself!
Our spirituality vegetates,
We want to decide everything by force,
But it doesn’t add happiness,
After all, we will not defeat the spirit of Good!
Know! The patriot is not the same in Russia,
Who praises all her deeds,
And the one who is like a big mission,
Ready to save her from evil!
You are a majestic Russian ancestor,
And the first generalissimo of the country,
You are Russia's pride and glory,
She always needs you!
Three hundred years have already passed,
How did you go to the afterlife?
But at least your glory fell asleep,
She will rise high and wide!
May your descendants not forget you
And honor is given for centuries,
Let the anthem about you forever wake them up,
And he lives in their hearts!
As a symbol of Russian pride,
Long ago you ascended Parnassus,
You have become a genuine mission,
We draw strength of spirit from you!
To say I'm happy that you were there
That Honor was carried high,
And for myself it was as if I had never lived,
The road of glory you have passed!
Sergiev Posad is your eternal home,
After all, you have found your shelter here,12
But the path of life appeared milky,
And they will sing you songs too!
* * *
It fell to me to write an ode to you,
Sing heroic deeds,
You are the glory of the Russian people,
She gave Him greatness!
Who should we build monuments to?
Whom should we remember throughout the centuries?
When a hero like Shein,
Still hasn't received a wreath?!
G. Moscow
April 2001
NOTES
to my poem “The First Generalissimo of Russia”
1. Shein Alexey Semyonovich (1652 – 1700), boyar, great governor and first generalissimo of Russia (01/09/1696). Great-grandson of the legendary Smolensk governor, boyar Mikhail Borisovich Shein. Voivode in the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689. Participant of the Azov campaign of 1695. Chief governor and generalissimo in the Azov campaign of 1696. Commander of the country's armed forces and one of the leaders of the Russian government during Peter the Great's foreign trip. He suppressed the Streltsy revolt in September 1698. He died in Moscow on February 12, 1700 and was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra near the altar wall of the Church of the Holy Spirit. He has no children from two marriages.
2. Gordon Peter (Patrick) Ivanovich (1635 – 1699) - Russian general and rear admiral. Scottish by origin. From 1661 in Russian service. One of the teachers and associates of Peter the Great. Participated in the Chigrinsky, Crimean and Azov campaigns.
3. Rigmon Karlus Andreevich (? - ?) - general, participant in the Azov campaign of 1696.
4. Golovin Avtonom Mikhailovich (? - ?) - Russian general, participant in the Azov campaign of 1696.
5. Lefort Franz Yakovlevich (1655 – 1699) - admiral of the fleet (1695), Swiss. Since 1678 in Russian service. An associate of Peter the Great, he commanded the fleet in the Azov campaign of 1696. In 1697-98. one of the leaders of the Grand Embassy. Under his name, Lefortovo (formerly Lefortovo Sloboda), a historical district of Moscow on the left bank of the Yauza River, is known. His regiment was also stationed here.
6. Prushanin (= Pruzhanin) Mikhail, the year of birth and death are not exactly known (born approximately in the last quarter of the 11th century - died in the first half of the 111th century). His son Terenty was a boyar under Prince Alexander Nevsky and distinguished himself in the Battle of Neva on July 15, 1240. The great-grandson of Terenty Mikhailovich, Ivan Semyonovich, nicknamed “Moroz,” had six sons (Mikhail, Fedor, Dmitry, Lev, Firs and Levkiy) nicknamed Morozovs. One of the sons of Mikhail Ivanovich, Vasily, was nicknamed “Neck” (died in 1466), from whom the boyar family of the Sheins descended. Moreover, Mikhail Prushanin was not only the common ancestor of the boyar families of the Morozovs and Sheins, but also the Saltykovs, Filimonovs, Cheglokovs, Tuchkovs, Shestovs, Zhostovs-Rusanins and Kozlovs. Mikhail Prushanin himself died in Veliky Novgorod and was buried in the Church of St. Michael the Archangel, on Prusskaya Street (V.V. Rummel, V.V. Golubtsov. Genealogical collection of Russian noble families. St. Petersburg, vol. 1, 1886, pp. 403-411).
7. Shein Mikhail Borisovich (? - 04/28/1634) - boyar, governor. He headed the Smolensk defense in 1609-1611. Since 1619, the confidant of Patriarch Filaret and the head of a number of orders. Participant in diplomatic negotiations. Commander of the Russian army that besieged Smolensk in the war with the Poles in 1632-1634. After the death of Patriarch Filaret was unfoundedly accused of treason and executed in Moscow on Red Square.
8. Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) (c. 1554 - 1633) - Russian patriarch (1608 - 10 and from 1619 - 33) - father of the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, boyar (1587). The sick and incapable Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich left control of the country to his father, Patriarch Filaret, and after his death to the Duma boyars.
9. We are talking about a fortress called “Azak”, where the Turks settled.
10. Ivan Bakhmeshev - steward of the boyar and chief governor A.S. Shein.
11. In honor of Victory Day, on July 19, 1696, in the city of Azov, on the site of a former mosque, a church was founded in the name of the Praise of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In fact, this was the first significant military victory of the combined forces of the Russian army and navy during the reign of Peter the Great.
12. Alexey Semyonovich Shein died on February 12, 1700 in Moscow. His estate was located outside the Arbat Gate. He was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra near the altar wall of the Church of the Holy Spirit, next to the grave of his great-grandfather - Mikhail Borisovich Shein and other relatives.
Russian commander, Generalissimo Alexey Semenovich Shein was born in August 1652. He came from an ancient Old Moscow boyar family, which, according to family legend, traced its origins to a native of Prussia, Mikhail Prushenin, who decided to serve in Russia from the time of Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. Mikhail Prushenin was the ancestor of the Morozov boyars, from whom branches of the famous Russian families of the Sheins, Saltykovs and Choglokovs were formed.
The Sheins were one of the sixteen noble families of the ruling elite of the Moscow state and had the right to bypass the lower ranks when promoted to the boyar class. The commander’s grandmother, Maria Borisovna, the wife of the steward’s grandfather Ivan Mikhailovich Shein, was from the Lykov-Obolensky princes, and her mother Anastasia Nikitichna, from the royal family of the First Russian Generalissimo A.S. Shein Romanov, was the niece of the beloved wife of Ivan the Terrible, who died untimely, and the aunt of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The great-grandmother of the commander, Maria Mikhailovna, the wife of his great-grandfather, boyar Mikhail Borisovich Shein, came from the Godunov family. Alexei Semenovich began serving at the royal court in 1672. in the positions of sleeping bag and room attendant. In 1680-1682 - was in the voivodeship in Tobolsk and ruled all of Siberia.
April 10, 1682 one of the nearby stewards, in the thirtieth year of his life, was granted a boyar status. In 1683-1684 Shein was in the voivodeship in Kursk. Participated in the Crimean campaigns in 1687 and 1689. In the last campaign, Shein led the service people of the Novgorod rank and was the second governor after the commander-in-chief Prince V.V. Golitsyn, while being called a close boyar and Pskov governor.
After the unsuccessful first Azov campaign in 1695. Alexey Semenovich Shein led the second campaign in 1696, which ended in the complete defeat of the enemy on land and in a naval battle, as well as the complete surrender of the garrison of the Azov fortress. Peter the Great, who won his first victory, awarded the commander the highest military rank - generalissimo.
To meet the victors returning from the campaign, for the first time in Russia, a triumphal arch was built in Moscow and a ceremonial reception of the troops was organized. A place of honor in this procession was occupied by Generalissimo A.S. Shein, riding on a horse with a white feather on his hat. When the procession reached the triumphal gates, cannon fire thundered, music played and hymns and poems were sung with greetings to the victors and wishes to the troops that they would always return with such victories. At the same time, Lefort and Shein were especially “great.” Alexey Tolstoy in his novel “Peter the Great” artistically described the commander at the most solemn moment of his life: “With great pomp... riding a Greek chariot, a squat, pompous, with a face that extended wide, boyar Shein, the generalissimo, bestowed with this honor before the second Azov campaign... Behind him, sixteen Turkish banners were dragged along the ground in banners.”
For the capture of Azov, the commander was awarded a gold medal of 13 chervonets, a cup, a brocade caftan with sables and extensive patrimonial land holdings.
The next year, A.S. Shein had to again lead troops in the south of Russia and oppose the Turks, who were plotting to retake Azov, and the Crimean Tatars, who were preparing for a campaign against the Western allies of Peter I. According to the agreement, Russia was supposed to distract the enemy from attacking the allies . Upon receiving news of the movement of a large Turkish army to Azov, the troops led by Shein advanced and defeated the enemy at the Kagalnik River, after which they brought the Nogais and Tatars living near the Kuban River into submission. “Third” Azov campaign A.S. Sheina 1697 consolidated Russia's conquests in the south of the state and accelerated the end of the war between Russia and Turkey and the conclusion of the Peace Treaty of Constantinople in 1700.
From 1696 to 1700 Shein headed the Inozemsky, Pushkarsky and Reitarsky orders, which corresponded to the status of the commander-in-chief of all Russian troops.
The last years of the commander's life were devoted to strengthening the southern borders of the Fatherland. Under his leadership Azov coast a new Trinity Fortress was being built (the city of Taganrog) - the first naval base of Russia, which, according to the first plans of Peter I, was to become the new capital of the Russian state. The international situation and the military-political situation in the country did not allow the early plans of the future emperor to come true.
The first Russian generalissimo died on February 12, 1700. at the age of 48 and was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery at the altar of the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit (currently the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra in the city of Sergiev Posad, Moscow region).
Russian commander, Generalissimo Alexei Semenovich Shein was born in August 1652 g. He came from an ancient old Moscow boyar family, which, according to family legend, traced its origins to a native of Prussia, Mikhail Prushenin, who decided to serve in Russia from the time ofGrand Duke Alexander Nevsky. Mikhail Prushenin was the ancestor of the Morozov boyars, from whom branches of the famous Russian families of the Sheins, Saltykovs and Choglokovs were formed.
The Sheins were one of the sixteen noble families of the ruling elite of the Moscow state and had the right to bypass the lower ranks when promoted to the boyar class. The commander’s grandmother, Maria Borisovna, the wife of the steward’s grandfather Ivan Mikhailovich Shein, was from the Lykov-Obolensky princes, and her mother Anastasia Nikitichna, from the royal family of the First Russian Generalissimo A.S. Shein Romanov, was the niece of the untimely deceasedbeloved wife of Ivan the Terrible and auntTsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The great-grandmother of the commander - Maria Mikhailovna, the wife of his great-grandfather, boyar Mikhail Borisovich Shein, came fromGodunov family. Alexey Semenovich began his service at the royal court in 1672
g. in the positions of sleeping bag and room attendant. IN 1680
-
1682
g.g. - was in the voivodeship in Tobolsk and ruled all of Siberia.
10
April 1682
Mr., one of the nearby stewards, was granted a boyar status in the thirtieth year of his life. IN 1683
-
1684
g.g. Shein was in the voivodeship in Kursk. Participated in the Crimean campaigns in 1687
And 1689
g.g. In the last campaign, Shein led the service people of the Novgorod rank and was the second governor after the commander-in-chief Prince V.V. Golitsyn, while being called a close boyar and Pskov governor.
After the unsuccessful first Azov campaign 1695
Mr. Alexey Semenovich Shein led the second campaign 1696
which ended with the complete defeat of the enemy on land and in a naval battle, as well as the complete surrender of the garrison of the Azov fortress.Peter the Great, Having won his first victory, he awarded the commander the highest military rank - generalissimo.
To meet the victors returning from the campaign, for the first time in Russia, a triumphal arch was built in Moscow and a ceremonial reception of the troops was organized. A place of honor in this procession was occupied by Generalissimo A.S. Shein, riding on a horse with a white feather on his hat. When the procession reached the triumphal gates, cannon fire thundered, music played and hymns and poems were sung with greetings to the victors and wishes to the troops that they would always return with such victories. At the same time, especially “exalted”»
wereLefort and Shein. Alexei Tolstoy in his novel Peter the Great»
artistically described the commander at the most solemn moment of his life: “With great pomp... the squat, pompous, with a face that extended wide, rode on a Greek chariot, boyar Shein, the generalissimo, bestowed with this honor before the second Azov campaign... They dragged him along sixteen Turkish banners spread across the ground».
For the capture of Azov, the commander was awarded a gold medal in 13
chervontsev, a cup, a brocade caftan with sables and extensive patrimonial land holdings.
The next year, A.S. Shein had to again lead troops in southern Russia and oppose the Turks, who were plotting to retake Azov, and the Crimean Tatars, who were preparing for a campaign against Peter’s Western allies I . According to the agreement, Russia was supposed to distract the enemy from attacking the allies. Upon receiving news of the movement of a large Turkish army to Azov, the troops led by Shein advanced and defeated the enemy at the Kagalnik River, after which they brought the Nogais and Tatars living near the Kuban River into submission. "Third»
Azov campaign A.S. Sheina 1697
consolidated Russia's conquests in the south of the state and accelerated the end of the war between Russia and Turkey and the conclusion of the Treaty of Constantinople 1700
year.
WITH 1696
By 1700
g.g. Shein headed the Inozemsky, Pushkarsky and Reitarsky orders, which corresponded to the status of the commander-in-chief of all Russian troops.
The last years of the commander's life were devoted to strengthening the southern borders of the Fatherland. Under his leadership, a new Trinity Fortress (city of Taganrog) was built on the Azov coast - the first naval base of Russia, which, according to Peter’s first plans I was to become the new capital of the Russian state. The international situation and the military-political situation in the country did not allow the early plans of the future emperor to come true.
The first Russian generalissimo died 12
February 1700
on 48
year of life and was buried in
