Often we use words when speaking our native language without thinking. Rarely does anyone make mistakes. However, there are various cases and situations when it is simply necessary to update knowledge, clarify something, repeat or re-learn.
Verb person
The person of the verb tells us who is performing the action. It is an inflectional grammatical category of verbs, which expresses the action voiced by the verb relative to the participant in speech. This category of person is typical:
- imperative verb forms;
- verbs of the indicative mood of the future and present tense.
In Russian, the action called a verb is distinguished by quantity (singular (singular) and plural (plural)) and by persons, of which there are three:
- first: units “I” means that the speaker is the subject of speech and performs an action (I’m preparing a holiday, I’ll pick a berry);
plural We are a group of people, together with the speaker, performing an action (we watch TV, we play sports); - second: units You - indicates an action performed by the interlocutor (you plant eggplants, you read a magazine);
plural You - means actions that relate simultaneously to the interlocutor and a group of people (you dream of the sea, you dig up potatoes); - third: units He, she, it - indicates an action regarding a person or object not participating in speech (he shows a trick, she goes to the shooting range);
plural They - indicates actions regarding persons or objects not involved in speech (they play with a ball).
How to determine the person of a verb
You can determine the person of a verb by asking a question, as well as highlighting the personal ending of the verb, determining its meaning, taking into account the content of the text:
Verb 1 l.: What will I do? What am I doing? What will we do? What are we doing?
Verb 2 l.: What will you do? What are you doing? What will you do? What are you doing?
Verb 3 l.: What will he do? What does it do? What will they do? What are they doing?
Let's look at examples of using verb persons in the table. Please note: with the help of particles yes, let, let, let, let the first and third person forms of imperative verbs are formed.
Exception: impersonal verbs (lit up, rained) and infinitive (sing, groan), past tense verb forms do not have a person category.
Determining the person of a verb in Russian will not be difficult for anyone who knows the information described above. After all, speaking competently in our time is a sign of good manners!
The pronoun is an independent part of speech. Its peculiarity is that it indicates an object, property, quantity, but does not name them. The word “pronoun” itself speaks of the substitutive function of this part of speech. The term is a calque from the Latin pronomen, and it is from the Greek antonymia, which literally translates “instead of a name.”
Pronouns are some of the most common words. They occupy third place in terms of frequency of use. Nouns come first, verbs come second. However, out of the 30 most frequent words, as many as 12 are pronouns. 5 of them are personal, the rest are distributed among different categories. Third person pronouns occupy an important niche in the Russian language. There are 3 of them among the most frequent words - he, she, they.
Pronoun grades
At school, the topic of pronouns begins to be studied in the 4th grade.
There are such groups of pronouns as personal, possessive, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.
Personal pronouns denote a person or thing: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
Possessives indicate belonging to someone and answer the question: “Whose?” It's mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and faceless - mine.
Returnable ( yourself, yourself) - to turn towards oneself.
Interrogative ( who, what, when etc.) are used in interrogative sentences.
Relative (the same who, what etc., but in subordinate clauses) play the role of allied words.
Uncertain (to something, somebody, some etc.) are used when we do not know the quantity, object or attribute.
Negative ( nobody, nobody, nowhere etc.) indicate the absence of all of the above.
Demonstratives direct our attention to specific objects and signs, and attributives ( myself, all, other etc.) - help to clarify them.
Face category
The category of person shows the relation of the action to the speaker. It is possessed by verbs and some pronouns. As you know, there are 3 persons. The first person indicates the speaker(s) or affiliation with the speaker(s): me, we, my, our. Second person - on the interlocutor(s) or belonging to the interlocutor(s): you, you, your, your. Third - indicates the object, phenomenon or person being discussed or belonging to this person(s). What pronouns refer to the 3rd person? He, she, it, they, his, her, theirs.
Personal and possessive pronouns have a category of person. Personal pronouns can be associated with nouns. They perfectly replace them in sentences and have the same categories: gender, number and case. They indicate an object, phenomenon or person and play the role of the subject in a sentence. And possessives are similar to adjectives. They also have gender, number and case, but agree with nouns and indicate the attribute of an object - its belonging.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns play a huge role in language. Every child’s self-awareness begins with the word “I.” As soon as the baby begins to talk about himself in the first person, and not in the third, calling himself by name, a new period of development begins. This usually occurs at three years of age.
Without the words “you” and “you” it would be much more difficult for us to address our interlocutor. And third person pronouns - he, she, it, they- shorten speech and help avoid unnecessary repetitions and unnecessary searches for synonyms.
The first person pronouns are I and we. Second - you and you. The third ones are the most numerous due to the presence of the genus category. There are as many as 3 third person singular pronouns - he, she, it. And only one in the plural - They. Just like adjectives, it is genderless and universal for all genders, so there is only one.
How are personal pronouns of the third person declined by case?
You can notice an interesting pattern. In indirect cases, third person pronouns have adjective endings -his(cf.: blue). However, the pronoun she genitive and accusative form her is an exception. Adjectives in these cases will have endings - to her (blue) And - yuyu(blue).
Declension of pronouns without prepositions
Nominative (who, what?) - He, she, it, they.
Genitive (who? what?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Dative (to whom? what?) - him, her, him, them.
Accusative (who? What?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Creative (by whom? With what?) - to them, to her, to them, by them.
Prepositional (about whom? About what?) - about him, about her, about him, about them.
Why was there no excuse in the latter case? As you know from the school course, the prepositional case is so called precisely because it is impossible to use nouns and pronouns without prepositions.
Prepositions
Let's look at how third person pronouns are inflected with prepositions.
In the nominative case, prepositions are not used.
Prepositions of the genitive case include: Without, at, with, from, to, from, about, near, beside, for ( him, her, them)
In this case, the pronoun answers a larger range of questions. To questions of the genitive case " whom?», « what?" prepositions are added: "B without whom? - without him. From what? - from it" In all oblique cases, a question with a spatial meaning appears: “Where? Where? From where?”
Prepositions of the dative case - to and on ( him, her, him) Questions "Where? Where?" - to her!
Prepositions of the accusative case - on, for, under, in, in, through, about ( him, her, them) Questions also "Where? Where?"
Prepositions of the instrumental case - above, for, under, before, with, with, between ( him, her, them)
Prepositions of the prepositional case - in, about, about, on, at ( him, her, them). They answer the question "About whom? About what? Where?"
Mysterious letter n
You can notice that when using all these prepositions, n- is added at the beginning of the pronouns: with him, by her, for him, between them. The exception is derivative prepositions: thanks to, according to, in spite of, towards. For example, towards him.
Where did the mysterious letter n come from? Several centuries ago the prepositions in, to and with had a different form - вън, кън, сн. They consisted of 3 sounds. The letter Ъ - er sounded like a muffled vowel. It turns out that pronouns with prepositions were written like this: in him, in her. Prepositions became simpler over time, but the consonant n took root in the language and began to be perceived as part of the pronouns themselves. Therefore, the use of this letter has spread to other prepositions to which it did not initially apply.
A little more history
You can notice another strange feature. The nominative case form of the pronouns does not seem to correspond in any way to the indirect ones. This is no accident. Indeed, once in the language there were such demonstrative pronouns: for the masculine gender - and, for the feminine - I, for the neuter - e. It was their forms that were the usual “his, him, her”... But these short pronouns were easily confused with the conjunction and, as well as the pronoun I.
There were other demonstrative pronouns: the familiar ones he, she, it. However, they were inclined differently:
Nominative - He.
Genitive - thereof.
Dative - onomu.
Creative - him.
Prepositional - about it.
Third person pronoun plural also existed - these or they.
Due to convenience, the nominative case of the first pronouns (i, i, e) was replaced by the nominative case of the second. But indirect forms remain. Indirect cases from the pronoun “he” have also not disappeared. They were used in the language and some of them are still alive. They are archaic or ironic in nature: in time, in the absence of it.
Third person possessive pronouns
First person possessive pronouns are my, our. Second - yours, yours. Third - him, her And their. Why is there one less of them? Where did the neuter pronoun go? The fact is that it coincides with the masculine pronoun - his.
But third-person possessive pronouns are not inflected by case. All of them correspond to the genitive or accusative case forms of personal pronouns: his, her, his, theirs. They do not change in sentences ( her hat - her hat) in contrast to the same first and second person pronouns: ( my hat is my hat, your hat is your hat).
Errors when using personal pronouns
One of the possible mistakes is omitting the letter -n after prepositions. “Trees grew near him,” “he came to visit her”- sounds illiterate.
Using pronouns as placeholders can create ambiguities. Therefore, you cannot use a pronoun if there is no word to replace in the previous sentence. This situation is especially insidious if the sentence contains another word of the same number or gender. This can even create a comic effect.
Lensky went out to the duel in trousers. They separated and a shot rang out.
Here, although one of the participants in the duel is named, the word is present in the plural. Therefore, “they” turns out to be related to the word “knickers”. Here's how to be careful with third-person pronouns! Examples reach the point of absurdity:
Gerasim was very devoted to the lady and drowned her himself.
The situation is similar, only the pronoun “her” and a noun similar in form ended up in the same sentence. The word “dog” or the name “Mumu” got lost somewhere in the previous sentences, and “lady” found itself dangerously close to the pronoun.
If a sentence contains several nouns of the same gender or number, then in the next sentence or second part complex sentence It is also incorrect to use substitute pronouns.
A parcel arrived in the mail from the USA. Soon she closed for lunch break(Mail or parcel?)
In colloquial speech, pronouns are used much more often and it is acceptable to use them even in the absence of substitute words. The fact is that in life the situation itself often suggests what is being said, and facial expressions and intonation can help the speaker. But in written speech or oral presentation, such mistakes must be avoided.
Errors when using possessive pronouns
Since third-person possessive pronouns coincide with the genitive and accusative case forms of personal pronouns, it is erroneous to form them on the model of other possessive pronouns and add the suffix -н and the ending -й/й, which are characteristic of adjectives. Everyone knows that the non-existent word “their” in a person’s speech does not characterize his culture and literacy from the best side. A talented writer can also capitalize on mistakes in speech. To reproduce the vernacular writing style of a peasant boy, A.P. Chekhov, among other words, also uses an erroneous form of the pronoun: “... And she took a herring and started poking me in the mug with her muzzle" But still, writers are masters of words because they are well aware of the norms of the language and precisely because of this they can play with deviations from these norms.
Conclusions
Thus, third-person pronouns are, although short, very important words and in speech it is almost impossible to do without them. Therefore, it is important to know well the rules of their declension and use and to use these words correctly.
In the Russian language, personal pronouns have such a constant feature as persons. Each of the three person pronouns has a certain form and meaning. This article describes ways to determine the persons of pronouns, their characteristic features with examples.
Person pronouns- this is an unchangeable (constant) feature of a given part of speech, inherent only in personal pronouns. In the Russian language, pronouns have three persons, each of which has a specific meaning and form.
Table Person pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |||
| What do they point to? | Forms of I. p. | What do they point to? | Forms of I. p. | |
| 1st person | to the speaker, actor (subject of speech) | I | to a group of people, including a speaker, an actor | We |
| 2nd person | to the person addressed in speech (to the interlocutor) | You | to a group of people addressed in a speech (to interlocutors) | You |
| 3rd person | on an object (person, phenomenon) that is spoken about, but which does not take part in speech | he, she, it | to a group of objects (persons, phenomena) that are spoken about, but which do not take part in speech | They |
Pay attention! In the third person singular, personal pronouns have masculine, feminine and neuter forms.
Examples: she's beautiful, it's big, he's brave.
How to determine the person of pronouns?
In speech, the person of pronouns can be determined by its meaning in speech, as well as by its case form. Features of the declension of personal pronouns are given in the table with examples of all case forms.
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| I. p. | I | You | he, it | she | We | You | They |
| R. p. | me | you | his | her | us | you | their |
| D. p. | to me | you | to him | to her | us | to you | them |
| V. p. | me | you | his | her | us | you | their |
| etc. | me (me) | by you (by you) | them | by her | us | you | them |
| P. p. | about me | about you | about him | about her | about Us | about you | about them |
If a third person pronoun in the indirect case is preceded by a preposition, the case form is used with "n".
TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this
Examples: to her it was fun - we came to her, them good at drawing - with them easy to work.
The grammatical features of personal pronouns are studied at school from the 4th grade.
G.I. Kustova, 2011
Face- inflectional grammatical category of the verb, characteristic finite(see) forms present-future tense(see Time) (present). The face has features of both syntactic and nominative categories. In the Russian grammatical tradition, forms that have a personal-numerical indicator are called personal, or conjugated (see. Verb form system, Finiteness). The face paradigm includes first, second and third person forms. The shape of the face indicates what the role of the subject of the verb (subject) is in the speech act: whether the subject's referent is the speaker (1st person), the addressee (2nd person), or neither (3rd person).
1. Morphology
The person is morphologically expressed by the inflection of the present-future tense, in which the meaning of the person is combined with the meaning of the number (see Number of the verb).
In the indicative mood, the morphological indicator of the face is present in the forms of the present and future tenses (see). The past tense forms of the indicative mood and the forms of the subjunctive mood do not have the grammatical category of person, but they do have the grammatical category of gender. In the past tense and subjunctive mood, reference to a person is carried out in context - using a noun or personal pronoun: I'm here; you came; He/friend came.
1.1. Expression of facial category: indicative mood
In the present and future simple tense, verbs have the following inflections, which differ (except for the 1st person singular forms) depending on the type of conjugation:
Other archaic verb conjugations be (I am, you are) are also found in cult texts and high-style texts and, accordingly, in quotations from these texts:
(3) The Lord said to Peter, “You if you Peter, and on this rock I will build My Church” (Matthew 16:18) [John Meyendorff. Orthodox testimony in modern world (1992)]
(4) Establish, O Lord, my lost heart on the rock of Your commandments, for only one is holy. if you and the Lord... [L. Ulitskaya. Journey to the Seventh Side of the World (2000)]
Cohesive and locative be usually has the null form: You ø sick; He ø teacher; Children ø in the garden.
1.2. Expression of facial category: imperative mood
2. Usage: syntax and semantics
2.1. Deictic nature of the category of person
The category of person is associated not only with a certain morphological form (finite, or personal), but also with a certain syntactic position: the finite forms of the verb in a sentence are the predicate (for more details, see Finiteness).
The question of the status of the category of person does not have a clear solution in the domestic grammatical tradition. There is an approach in which a person is interpreted as a purely syntactic (concordant) category that does not have its own nominative meaning. The verb agrees in person with the subject [Melchuk 1998:280–281]. With this approach, even in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences a zero subject is postulated. Within the framework of another approach, it is generally accepted that the person of a verb has its own semantics, and pronouns are analytical preverbal indicators of person, duplicating personal inflection in the present-future tense. Compare: “Combinations like I'm writing, you write, I wrote, you wrote etc. are not free syntactic phrases in the Russian language, but analytical-synthetic forms of the verb. This means that the elements I, You, He in combination with I'm writing, you write, writes act not as pronouns, but as (redundant) personal indicators of the verb form, which is expressed in their incomplete accentuation” [Isachenko 2003(2):410].
The diversity of approaches is partly explained by the fact that in both the semantic and syntactic aspects the category of person differs from “normal” nominative and syntactic categories(see article Grammatical categories).
As for the content of the category of person, then, in contrast to nominative categories such as the number of nouns, reflecting the properties of extra-linguistic reality, the category of person is focused on the speech act, i.e. The semantics of the face is deictic in nature. As for facial agreement, it does not correspond to canonical ideas about agreement. In the standard case, the agreeing element duplicates the grammeme of the agreement controller: for example, the agreeing adjective receives a gender gramme from the agreeing noun. The person category of the verb has too many deviations from this pattern to consider the choice of person as canonical agreement.
First, the agreement checker does not have a grammatical category for the person. For personal pronouns, the person has a lexical, not a grammatical meaning.
NOTE. There is a point of view (it is discussed, for example, in [Plungyan 2011: 310–312]) that personal pronouns are a closed class of “fully grammaticalized lexemes” that do not have a lexical meaning, but only have a grammatical meaning - they indicate participants in a speech act. In the Russian grammatical tradition, this point of view is not widespread (cf., for example, [Vinogradov 1947:329–330], [Zaliznyak 1967:62], [Grammatika 1980(1):§§1270–1280], where personal pronouns are considered ordinary lexemes, although with some features in the behavior of grammatical categories).
Nouns, especially, do not have a person category: nouns, by default, are equated to 3rd person pronouns, since they are combined only with the 3rd person form of the verb, however, there cannot be a grammatical category consisting of one grammeme, which is also detected only in the form of the nominative case in the subject position and only with a present-future verb.
In the 1st-2nd person indicative mood, the subject can usually be omitted, because the form of the verb clearly indicates it, and imperative constructions in standard literary speech are usually used without a subject. Moreover, with forms of joint action (see) the use of the subject is prohibited, and its introduction turns the imperative form of joint action into an indicative form of the future tense, cf.: Masha, let's go to the cinema!– motivation; Masha, we're going to the cinema- statement.
3rd person forms can also express their deictic meaning (‘neither speaker nor addressee’) without a subject. Another thing is that by the form of the 3rd person, in contrast to the 1st-2nd person, it is impossible to determine the referent of the subject of the verb. In the 1-2 person subject pronoun, two meanings are glued together: it indicates both the participant in the speech act (since it is a personal pronoun) and the subject of the action (since it is the subject). In this sense, the 3rd person pronoun gives nothing to the 3rd person verb: sentence He'll come soon just like the sentence does not convey specific information about the referent of the subject Coming soon.
Thus, the choice of the person of the verb may not be oriented towards the subject, but appeal directly to the participants in the speech act, just like, for example, the gender of the verb in constructions like The doctor has come reflects not the gender of the subject, but the gender of its denotation (for more details, see the article Gender). Taking these facts into account, we can say that the person of the verb in the Russian language is not entirely consonantal and has features of the nominative category.
On the other hand, the category of person undoubtedly has a concordant aspect, which consists in the fact that both the subject and the predicate must refer to the same person. So, if the speaker talks about himself in the 3rd person, for example: Listen to what your mother tells you(when a mother addresses her child, i.e. in the meaning ‘listen to what I’m telling you’), the 1st person predicate is not allowed: * Listen to what mom is telling you.
It is significant that in the Russian grammatical tradition, in relation to the connection of the predicate with the subject, they speak not of agreement, but of coordination: in a speech act, a single indicator of a person is selected, which applies to both the subject and the predicate. Because of this, sentences in which the subject and predicate are uncoordinated are unacceptable in the Russian language, i.e. sentences of the form * Men let's go, which are found, for example, in the Adyghe language.
The relation of an action to a person can be expressed not only by forms of verbs ( I'll let you know for your information...) and not only personal pronouns (cf. To me be on duty – You be on duty – To him be on duty), but also by other means - lexical, constructive-syntactic, intonation, cf.: The author of these lines; Your humble servant– reference to the 1st person speaking; Get up!; Come to me!; Carriage!– reference to the 2nd person, the addressee. In the theory of functional grammar, all these means are considered within the category personalities, the core of which is the grammatical person of the verb and the system of personal pronouns [Bondarko 2002:543–567].
2.2. Categorical meanings of personal forms
The use and interpretation of personal-numeral forms of verbs is influenced by various semantic, syntactic and communicative factors.
In the indicative mood, the forms of the 1st and 2nd persons are opposed to the forms of the 3rd person, which is associated with the orientation of the category of person to the speech act. The meanings of the 1st and 2nd person in grammars are called personal, because they correspond to the speaker and the addressee, who are always persons.
In the sphere of the face itself, the 1st and 2nd persons are opposed. V.V. Vinogradov noted that in the 1st person forms “even with figurative use, the relation to the specific subject of speech is clearly preserved,” while the 2nd person forms, more abstract and vague, can lose their direct relation to a specific interlocutor and receive a generalized meaning [Vinogradov 1947 :459]. V.V. Vinogradov believed that only the context determines whether the 2nd person form “refers to a specific interlocutor, i.e. to a single You", to any person ( if you die, they will bury you) or to the speaker himself, i.e. to 1st person ( will you go, it happened...) [Vinogradov 1947:456].
The meaning of the 3rd person in grammars is called subject-personal, because The subject of the situation, denoted by the 3rd person form, can be either a person or an inanimate object. The 3rd person form does not contain information about the subject, except negative - 'is neither the speaker nor the addressee', therefore, in the absence of a subject sentence with a predicate in the 3rd person form, they are considered semantically and structurally incomplete (about indefinite personal and impersonal meaning for 3rd person forms, see).
In the imperative mood, the personal-numerical paradigm is structured significantly differently than in the indicative: as a form of the 2nd person ( Go!; Go!), and the form of joint action ( Let's go!; Let's go!) includes an indication of the addressee. Meaning of 3rd person construction ( Let him come in!) also appears to contain an implicit "address component" (something like 'tell him to come in').
Thus, if in the indicative the starting point of the personal system is the speaker, then in the imperative the starting point is the addressee.
2.3. Person and semantics of the verb. Personal and impersonal verbs
In the Russian grammatical tradition, personal verbs, which have a complete personal-numerical paradigm and express person meanings in a sentence (vary according to persons and numbers), are contrasted with impersonal verbs, which:
- do not vary in persons and numbers and, therefore, do not express the corresponding grammatical meanings (impersonal verbs are considered to be outside the category of person);
- have a limited set of forms: they are used in the 3rd person singular form of the present and future tense ( It's getting dark), in the form of the neuter singular past tense and subjunctive mood ( It was getting dark) and in the infinitive form ( It's starting to get dark);
- are used as a predicate of an impersonal construction.
For many personal verbs it is also possible impersonal use: The paint smells strong – Smells strongly of paint.
Contrasting personal and impersonal verbs does not duplicate the opposition of situations related and not related to the person: an impersonal verb can describe the state of a person ( My brother can't sleep), and personal – a situation with a non-personal subject ( The dress looks good).
Among impersonal verbs there are those that cannot be attributed to a person, cf. it's getting dark, it's getting colder, but there are those that designate only and exclusively human processes and states, cf. be sick, chills, I want, itching. They represent these processes and states as having no source, but having a subject-carrier, expressed by the forms of the dative or accusative cases ( you're chilling; I want).
In finite verbs, i.e. verbs that formally have a complete personal paradigm, the usage of certain forms of person depends on lexical meaning verb.
Some verbs denote situations in which the subject cannot be a person ( rust, burn, flicker and so on). These verbs have direct meaning Only the 3rd person forms are normally used, but the 1st and 2nd person forms are not used. As noted by Yu.P. Knyazev, such verbs “could be called impersonal” [Knyazev 2008:371], but this term is not used in grammars.
In addition, there are classes of verbs in which, for semantic or pragmatic reasons, the 1st person form is not used. First of all, these are verbs of behavior and interpretation (see [Apresyan 2006:145–160]): to show off, to show off, to boast, to grovel, to puff up, to extol, to fawn, toady, to grimace, to break down, to be rude, to run into trouble, to climb[to smb.], shield and under. They present the situation through the eyes of an external observer and usually contain a negative evaluative component. It is unnatural for them to use the 1st person present tense: ? I break / grovel / shield myself. However, in many contexts the prohibition on reference to the speaker is lifted: No matter how I I'm shielding myself, he is always reprimanded; In the end, of course, I will agree, but for appearance’s sake a little I'll break down ; If I I'll climb to him with questions, he won’t like it. Wed. also examples from the Corpus:
(7) Firstly, people are still alive, and secondly, it’s me I'm bragging only, in fact, my will is no longer over you, but what awaits you is what you yourself prepare for yourself. [A. Slapovsky. Money Day (1998)]
(8) This is completely clear to me, but for some reason others don’t believe it, even my closest friends. They think that I I'm making faces. [AND. Grekova. Ladies' Master (1963)]
(9) My God, why am I I'm making faces, anyway, this letter will not reach not only you, but even the mail, so why not write the whole truth? [Yu. Hermann. My Dear Man (1961)]
(10) He owns a bicycle. And I I'm making faces, hypocrite. [Yu. K. Olesha. Chain (1929)]
(11) And add to this the most terrible thing, that every time, feeling real inspiration, I immediately painfully feel the consciousness that I I'm pretending And I'm making faces in front of people... [A. I. Kuprin. The Pit (1915)]
Interpretive verbs with a negative assessment are sometimes conventionally called “3rd person verbs” (for reasons of their incompatibility with the speaker), while the 2nd person form in the function of reproaching the addressee is also very characteristic of them: What you you're breaking down ! ; You are always his you're shielding yourself! ; Don't be rude seniors!
Wed. corpus data on the frequency of 1/2/3 person forms in verbs boast And make faces:
Table 1. Person forms of interpretation verbs according to the Corpus
In addition, the independent position does not allow the 1st person of verbs that include in their semantics an observer - a syntactically inexpressible subject of perception: appear, to be seen, turn white, loom and so on: ? I I'll show myself on the road in a few minutes; ? I looming in the window. Within the scope of certain predicates or operators, some of them admit of reference to the speaker: As soon as I I'll show myself around the corner, turn on the camera(at the same time, there are verbs that both include an observer and require an inanimate subject, i.e. they never allow the 1st person: * The neighbors saw me I'm turning white at the entrance, cf.: At the entrance turns white some kind of box).
Finally, for some internal verbs there is a prohibition on using the 1st person present tense form in independent negative sentences: ? I don't I know that you have arrived, cf.: I didn't know you came; They thought I didn't know about his arrival.
It is also believed that some verbs denoting internal processes and states of a person (such as see, want and so on), the forms of the 1st person, on the contrary, are more common than the forms of other persons. Wed. corpus data on verbs want And see:
Table 2. Facial forms of verbs of internal processes and states of a person according to the Corpus data
|
want |
See |
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The following semantic groups of verbs have impersonal use: - states and phenomena of nature, environment (dawn, evening, dusk, frost, cold etc.): (62) It took about fifteen minutes to walk to the pump, no less. - Ugh, how bakes...,” Valya muttered, wiping her forehead. [T. Tronina. Mermaid for intimate encounters (2004)] - physical and mental states of a person (will get sad, feel like it, (Not)I can believe it, I can breathe, I’m dozing, I’m chilling, it seems(Not)lying down, feverish, bored, unwell, numb, ill, itchy, rinsing (ask), disgusted, impatient, sore, gives up,(Not)sitting,(Not)sleepy, impatient, sick, want,(Not)read etc.): (63) To my wife unwell. [M. Shishkin. One night awaits everyone (1993-2003)] (64) Everyone lived on their own and did whatever they wanted whatever he likes. [IN. Medvedev. Barankin, be human! (1957)] (65) Who could have known that I impatient get out of the car at this very moment. [TO. Surikov. Road accident (2003)] - events and processes beyond the control of the person involved in them (will happen,will manage and so on): (66) It will happen Will we ever see performances of this great theater again? [IN. Davydov. Theater of my dreams (2004)] - modal states (must, does not fit, remains, appropriate, will have, should, worth, succeeds): (67) Under these conditions have to turn to the experience of foreign researchers, and those who worked in relatively similar social, political and economic conditions. ["Domestic Notes" (2003)] (68) Thus, universities remains come to terms with a situation where it is not students who compete with each other for the right to study, but institutions for the right to teach them. ["Kommersant-Vlast" (2002)] (69) To choosing a night care product costs be especially careful. ["Dasha" (2004)] - quantitative estimates (enough, enough): (70) As before, in the world enough socio-political, economic, interethnic, religious and other contradictions. ["Domestic Notes" (2003)] (71) Parents simply don’t enough neither time nor energy for various “pedagogical delights”, as a result, these children, who do not experience the debilitating pressure of parental love, grow up to be more balanced, self-confident and purposeful people. ["100% Health" (2003)] (72) To us, Russians, missing consistency in the mind and we do not master the syllogism of the West... [P. A. Sorokin. Notes from a sociologist. Slavophilism Inside Out (1917)] Verbs of physical processes and physical changes, presented as the result of natural forces (The rain will wash away the inscription → Rain will wash away inscription; The current carries the boat → With the current refers boat): (73) And another time he sits in his room, smells the wind, assures him that he has a cold; the shutter will knock, he will tremble and turn pale; and with me he went to the wild boar one on one [M. Yu. Lermontov. Hero of Our Time (1839-1841)] - pain and involuntary movements: (Stitches in the side; Aches in the chest, The wound stings; My chest is burning; Leg cramps; He's so skewed): (74) Sometimes it’s like this will grab, that at least lie down and die. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)] Forms passive voice(see Deposit): (75) Viktor Ilyukhin introduced a draft State Duma statement on personnel strengthening of law enforcement agencies. In it to the president proposed dismiss Gryzlov from office. ["Newspaper" (2003)] (76) However, according to Muslim canons, a woman prohibited leave parts of the body exposed, except for the oval of the face and hands. ["The Lawyer" (2004)] Impersonal use is not associated only with the 3rd person singular form. In the past tense and subjunctive mood, where there are no personal inflections, impersonal use has the neuter singular form: (77) What kind of lace is there? Natalia Petrovna sick of it weave them. [A. Efros. Profession: director (1975-1987)]
The action is presented as being performed by an "indeterminate subject." We are talking about a specific action that can be performed by an indefinite number of persons ( Behind the wall talking ) or one person ( More to come to you will come ; Wait, you they'll call – perhaps one person), for more details see. Vaguely personal proposals(cm.): (78) Meanwhile, they forcibly detained me here, poked me in the eyes with a lamp, in the bath bathe, something about Uncle Fedya are asking! [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)] The speaker does not know or care who performs the action; or for some reason he does not want to name the subject. The indefinite-personal form can only denote a person’s action: On the street they make noise can only be said about people, but not about trees, cars, etc. In [Melchuk 1974] it is noted that the indefinite-personal construction He was scratched expresses the presence of a human agent in the situation, in contrast to the passive construction He was scratched. Another feature of indefinite-personal constructions, in contrast to generalized-personal ones, is that in generalized-personal constructions the speaker can include himself in a generalized subject, cf. You re-read books like these with pleasure.(“anyone, including me”), and vaguely personal constructions, on the contrary, express “alienation”, distance from the 1st person (see [Bulygina, Shmelev 1997:341–347]). The literature provides a number of examples of such alienation, cf. examples from [Khrakovsky 1991]: “statement Work finished at 5 o'clock inappropriate when talking about work done by the speaker, as opposed to The work was finished at 5 o'clock, where there is no such prohibition”; Wed also an example from [Paducheva 2012]: The days of late autumn are usually scolded, but I love them(Pushkin), where the speaker is not simply “excluded from the potential set of persons who are meant as a subject,” but is also opposed to this set. The exception is cases like They tell you…; They wish you well, understand!, which in [Bulygina, Shmelev 1997:341] are interpreted as the result of a shift in empathy. Both 3rd person plural forms and past tense and subjunctive plural forms that do not have a formal person indicator can have an indefinite personal meaning: (80) Apples and prunes traditionally served with a goose. [Recipes national cuisines: Scandinavian cuisine (2000-2005)] (81) Hence “taste is not about arguing“- the truth is not of an ethical or psychological nature, but of a physiological nature. [Recipes of national cuisines: France (2000-2005)] Modern researchers explain the differences between generalized-personal and indefinite-personal sentences to different referential status(see Referential status) tertiary zero, which is seen in such sentences. A tertiary zero can have specific referent status, if the sentence relates to a specific single situation”, as in the example: (82) “They read your novel,” Woland spoke, turning to the master, “and they only said one thing, that, unfortunately, it is not finished. [M. Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita] and "may have birth status as in sentences Chickens are counted in the fall; They don't hit someone who's lying down"[Paducheva 2012]. 2.5.2. Imperative
(83) Take care honor from a young age! (proverb) (84) Only Grigory Alexandrovich, despite the heat and fatigue, did not want to return without booty, such was the man: what would he think? give it to me; apparently, as a child he was spoiled by his mother... [M. Yu. Lermontov. Hero of Our Time (1839-1841)] The 2nd person singular form can express an obligation, and it can be used in a generalized personal meaning: (85) But the trouble is when he is offended by such a person whom he does not dare to curse; it's homely here hold on! [A.N. Ostrovsky. Thunderstorm (1860)] (86) Wherever throw, wedge everywhere. (proverb) (87) He is a writer. Yes, he is a writer. And he doesn't even have his own office. Oh my God, right at least cry over the unfortunate fate of the writer Ivanko. [IN. Voinovich. Ivankiada, or the story about the entry of the writer Voinovich into new apartment (1976)] There are also usages where the action is presented as generalized, but refers to the speaker himself: (88) What do you think, should I tell him that I’m on my way home or not: excuse yourself then from him! [SMS messages from high school students (2004)] (89) And I also had a hollow tooth, something ached... it must have been after swimming - it hurt so much, even though cry. [A. Nekrasov. The Adventures of Captain Vrungel (1960-1980)]
The plural form can refer to one person: (90) " Wrap up“Please, that’s it,” I say, returning the token. ["Knowledge is Power" (2003)] (91) Try it Explain your point of view to your partner in order to come to a common decision that would suit both of you. ["Dasha" (2004)]
The incentive in such uses is addressed to any person, including the addressee: (92) Not experiment over your own child, not force to live up to the expectations placed on him with all his might. [“100% Health” (2003)] =‘Nobody needs it, you shouldn’t experiment’
Like the 1st person plural indicative, the joint action form can express the meaning: (93) - Let's not we will“cry, citizen,” the first one said calmly, and the accountant, feeling that he was completely superfluous here, jumped out of the secretary’s room and a minute later was already at fresh air. [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)] M. 1967. 4. Basic literature on the topic
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- What am I doing? What will I do? What are we doing? What will we do? - these questions are answered by 1st person verbs.
- 2nd person verbs will answer: What are you doing? What will you do? What are you doing? What will you do?
- and 3rd person verbs: What does he do? What will he do? What are they doing? What will they do?
- to the 1st person they will have/have the following endings: -уу-, -ау-, -яю-, -im-, -ем-.
- to the 2nd person with the endings: -ish-, -eat-, -ate-, -ite-.
- to 3 - to the same person we will assign verbs with the following endings: -it-, -et-, -yut-, -ut-, -at- and -yat-.
- For example, the 1st person has the ending: -у, -у,
- But the second person - eat (and in the second conjugation - eat),
- In the third person there will be -et and -it.
- and then you need to look at the plural.
Face We can define the verb in the forms of the imperative and indicative mood. In the imperative mood, the verb always has the form second persons, that is, consistent with the pronouns you or you: you cut, sing, fold; you wipe, send, sing.
In the indicative mood, verbs in the forms of the present and future tense are changed in persons and numbers, that is, they are conjugated. In the past tense of the verb no face, but you can determine the gender: swam, swam, swam.
In the present and future tenses of the indicative mood, the person of the verb is determined by the personal endings:
I'm writing, we're writing, I'm going to write, we're going to write
you're writing you're writing you'll be writing you'll be writing
he writes they write he will write they will write
The person of a verb, in contrast to the gender of a verb, can be determined by the pronoun and by questions to the verbs.
The 1st person pronouns include I - WE - what am I doing? or what are we doing?
The 2nd person pronouns YOU - YOU - what are you doing? or what are you doing?
The 3rd person pronouns include HE - SHE - IT - THEY - what does he do? or what are they doing?
By substituting a pronoun for a verb instead of a noun, we find out the person of the verb. What is the pronoun, is the person of the verb.
But the person in verbs is determined only in the present and future tense; it cannot be determined in the past.
Mom is walking - she is walking - what is she doing? - 3rd person.
The tree falls - it falls - what does it do? 3rd person.
In the indicative mood, determining the person of the verb is not difficult; to do this, you just need to ask the appropriate question. For example, take the same verb Define In the present tense, it will be conjugated by person. What am I doing? - I determine, what is He doing? - Defines. What are you doing? - You define it. The main thing to remember is that the pronouns I-We refer to the 1st person, You-You - to the second, and He-They-It-She - to the third.
The person of a verb can only be determined in the future or present tense, because in the past we get I what did I do? - I determined, what were you doing? - Defined. That is, in the past tense we can only get the gender: What did she do? - I determined it.
Well, in the imperative mood we only have Define and Define for the pronouns You and You.
Verb person in Russian this is a grammatical category of verbs that determines the relationship of the ongoing action to the participants in speech.
Simply put, the person of a verb indicates who is doing the action.
For that, to determine the person of the verb, highlight the personal ending of the verb and ask questions:
That is, the 1st person verbs are I, we.
Second person you, you.
Third person - he, she, they, it.
The person of the verb is determined by the personal endings. Moreover, this can be done only in the present and future tense of the indicative verb. As for the imperative mood, the verb will be in the second person.
Verbs in the indicative mood that will/refer to
I sing, play, wash, swim, drink, dance, etc. - first person;
You drink, play, wash, swim, dance, etc. - second person;
Drinks, plays, washes, dances, etc. - a third party.
If you want to determine the person of a verb, then to do this you need to pay attention to the ending of the verb and ask it a question. Each person of the verb has its own question. Here is a table where you can see which questions apply to which person:
In order to determine the person of a verb, you simply need to substitute a suitable pronoun and accordingly ask a question from it to your verb. It is on this basis that the person will be determined.
Here is a more detailed analysis with examples:
To determine which person a particular verb refers to, just look at its ending, ask the appropriate question and determine the conjugation.
How to determine the person of a verb by its ending:
The person of verbs can be determined either by the endings of the verbs, or you can try to find a pronoun for them.
So, 1st person - I, we. Example: I read, we read.
2nd person - you, you. Example: you read, you read.
3rd person - she, he, it, they. Example: he reads, she reads, it reads, they read.
The person of verbs can only be determined for verbs in the indicative and imperative moods.
You need to look either at the ending of the verb or at the accompanying noun - in some cases the second option will be the simplest and fastest. In the first case, you will need this sign:
Once you understand this issue a little, then the face will be determined intuitively (yes, this is aerobatics from a schoolboy).
At the same time, you need to remember that you won’t be able to determine the person of the infinitive, as well as verbs in the past tense, and you don’t even have to worry about it.
