Demonstrative pronouns(that, this, that, this...) replace nouns in a sentence. They are changeable and unchangeable.
Changeable pronouns are taken depending on the gender and number of the noun they replace and, in turn, have simple and complex forms.
Simple forms of inflected pronouns
singular | plural |
||
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine |
celui | celle | ceux | cells |
Celui qui arrivera le premier aura un cadeau. - The one who comes first will receive a gift. | Je préfère la voiture de Camille à celle de Jean. - I like Camila's car better than Jean's car. | Ceux qui sont venus partent ce soir. - Those who came leave in the evening. | Celles avec le chien sont mes copines. - Those With doggy - my girlfriends |
Changeable pronouns are never used separately. They must be followed by:
- participle: Voici son dessin, voici celui reality par mon fils. — Here is his drawing, here is the one my son did.
— addition with preposition(most often de). The demonstrative pronoun used in sentences of this type is usually not translated into Russian: Les chaussures de Michel sont noires, celles de Victor sont jaunes. — Michel's boots are black, boots Victor's - yellow.
- relative clause: Je vous présente ceux qui ont triumphé ce matin.-I present to you those, who won this morning.
Complex forms of inflected pronouns
singular | plural |
||
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine |
celui-ci | celle-ci | ceux-ci | celles-ci |
celui-là | celle-la | ceux-là | celles-là |
Celui-là, on ne peut jamais compter sur lui. - This one, you can never count on him. | Quelle voiture préfères-tu? Celle-ci ou celle-là? - What car do you like? This one or that one? | Les Durand et les Ivanov ont passé trois semaines au chalet de ceux-ci. - The Durans and Ivanovs spent three weeks in the latter's chalet. | Parmi toutes les peintures, pourquoi a-t-il choisi celles-ci? - Why did he choose these among all the paintings? |
Complex forms of inflected pronouns are used independently.
Particles ci And là differ in the distance of an object or person in space and time. Ci indicates those objects that are closer in space, or replaces the nouns that were mentioned last in comparisons or homogeneous members of the sentence. Là- those that are further or mentioned earlier:
Prenez celui-ci! — Take this one!
Prenez celui-là! — Take that one!
Marie et Anne travaillent bien, mais celle-ci est plus appliquée. — Marie and Anna study well, but the latter (Anna) is more diligent.
TO immutable pronouns include: ce(c’),ceci, cela, ca- "This".
Ce (c’) used as:
- subject with verbêtre, for example, in the case of selection, when it follows:
1. relative pronoun qui, que, dont, …:
C' est la fille dont je t'ai parlé. — This is the girl I told you about.
Ce sont les artists que nous avons vus au théâtre. — These are the artists we saw in the theater.
2. subject expressed by a noun:
Ah, c'est beauty, l'amour! — Oh, this is beautiful, love!
Ce sont and c'est are used before nationalities and professions when introducing strangers:
Ce sont des étudiantes. — This students.
C' est un chanteur. — This singer.
Ce sont des Espagnols. — These are the Spaniards.
When introducing familiar people, personal pronouns are used:
Elles sont etudiantes. — They students.
Robert? Il est chanteur. — Robert? He is a singer.
Olga est espagnole. — Olga is Spanish.
antecedent of relative pronouns ( antecedent — previous unit of utterance replaced by a pronoun or other part of speech).
Pronoun ce in sentences it acts as such a previous unit: Chacun fait ce qui lui plaît. (=la chose) — Everyone does what they like.
Elle obtient toujours tout ce qu' elle veut. (=toutes les choses) - She always gets what she wants.
Ceci, cela, ca used as a subject with all verbs except être, as well as as an object or a nominal part of the predicate:
Cela semble normal. — This seems normal.
Votre chat avait ceci dans la gorge, dit le vétérinaire en montrant une grosse boule de fil. — Your cat had it in her throat,” the veterinarian said, holding up a large wad of thread.
Cela replaces the previous sentence; ceci - introduces the thought that will follow the statement:
On t'a dit que j'étais malade. — Cela est absolument faux. — You they said, What I was sick. This is not true.
Je vais te dire ceci.— I'm going to tell you this.
Cela denotes a more distant object; ceci - closer:
Vu d'ici, cela est un animal et non une plante. — And from here it looks like an animal, not a plant.
Ceci est un vase précieux, pas un jouet.- This is a precious vase, not a toy.
Ça replaces cela and ceci in spoken language, but is rarely used in writing:
Manger en classe, ça ne se fait pas. — IN class There is it is forbidden.
With verb être cela can be replaced by ce:
Ce n'est pas très gentil de ta part. — This is not very good of you.
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Pronouns...
In the case of French pronouns, these tricky words can suck a lot of blood - in some cases it is extremely difficult to remember which pronoun replaces what, and in what order the pronouns follow each other within the same sentence. How to understand all these “he”, “us”, “to her”, “for them” in French?
In this article, we have compiled clear, concise and complete instructions on how to get rid of repeated nouns in a sentence and, with the help of pronouns, give your speech a truly French idiomaticity.
- Unstressed personal pronouns
Personal pronouns always agree in gender and number with the person or thing they replace in the sentence. These pronouns may look small and insignificant, but they instantly add completeness and conciseness to your sentence structure and show that you understand how a phrase is constructed in French according to the laws of the language.
1) Personal pronouns replacing the subjectYou came across these pronouns right away in your first French lesson, because without them it is impossible to form a single sentence, and the form of the conjugated verb depends on them. So, pronouns that take the place of subjects in a sentence:
1 l. units h. - je/j'- I
2 l. units h. - tu- You
3 l. units h. - il/elle/on- he/she
1 l. pl. h. - nous- We
2 l. pl. h. - vous- you, you
3 l. pl. h. - ils/elles- They
Jacquesétait en retard. - Ilétait en retard. ( Jacques I'm late. - He late).
2) Pronouns replacing direct objects
Je t'aime! Tu m'aimes! - I love you! you love me!
We got off to a good start, right? These two phrases are known to 99% of everyone who cares about French, but we still have to figure out the fact that they contain pronouns that replace the direct object.
So, first of all, let's look at all the pronouns in this group:
1 l. units h. - me/m'- me
2 l. units h. - te/t'- you
3 l. units h. - le/la/l’- his/her
1 l. pl. h. - nous us
2 l. pl. h. - vous- you
1 l. pl. h. - les- their
We remind you that truncated forms of pronouns (j’, m’, t’, l’) are placed when the following word begins with a vowel or silent “h”.
Je mange le gateau. - Je le mange. (I eat cake. - I his I eat.)
Tu aimes les films français. - Tu les aimes.(You love French films. - You their love.)
Attention: a pronoun always agrees in gender and number with the noun it replaces. Yes, you have to keep an extra eye on this, but that’s how French is.
3) Pronouns replacing the indirect object
1 l. units h. - me/m'- to me
2 l. units h. - te/t'- you
3 l. units h. - lui- to him/her
1 l. pl. h. - nous- us
2 l. pl. h. - vous- to you
2 l. pl. h. - leur- to them
As you can see, these pronouns are similar to those that replace a direct object, but they perform a different function - they replace a noun in a sentence that is used with a preposition.
Attention: The pronoun system differs in 3L forms. units tsp and 3 l. pl. h.: direct objects are replaced by le/la/les, indirect objects - on lui/leur.
Examples to see this in practice:
Je demande à ma mère.- Je lui demande. (I ask my mother. - I ask her).
Je donne le cadeau aux enfants. -Je le leur donne. (I give a gift to children. - I give his them.)
Don't worry about the two pronouns in a row in the last sentence just yet—there's a great life hack at the end of this article on how to remember the correct order of pronouns in a sentence.
How do you know when to use one pronoun and when to use another? Look for an excuse. If a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is definitely an indirect object.
4) Personal stressed pronouns
It is quite possible that the first French word in your life was precisely the stressed pronoun - you could, for example, in response to the question “Qui est là?” answer “Moi!”
These pronouns serve different functions and are used in large quantities designs. Most often they appear in a sentence when it is necessary to place logical emphasis on the subject:
1 l. units h. - moi
2 l. units h. - toi
3 l. units h. - lui/elle/soi
1 l. pl. h. - nous
2 l. pl. h. - vous
3 l. pl. h. - eux/elles
There are a total of 11 ways to use stressed pronouns in a sentence, let’s look at the most common ones:
- After C'est or Ce sont.
C'est toi Qui laves la salle de bain. - You are cleaning the bathroom. - When a sentence has several subjects - a noun and a pronoun or two pronouns.
Michel et moi avons fait du shopping. - Michelle and I went shopping. - When a question is asked.
Je suis content, et toi? - I'm happy, and you? - After prepositions.
chez lui, sans elle- at his home, without her - In comparative designs.
Nous sommes plus rapides qu’ eux. - We are faster than them. - When indicating ownership.
Cette tarte est à elle. - This pie belongs to her.
That's it, you can get out of the way and move on to the most interesting part.
5) Reflexive pronouns
Let's finish the conversation about personal pronouns with reflexive pronouns and the verbs with which they are used. To everyone whose native language is Russian, reflexive verbs seem redundant and illogical. But in French they are common, and if you forget about the reflexive particle, you can completely distort the meaning of the entire sentence.
Me, te, se, nous, vous, se- reflexive pronouns that are part of reflexive verbs:
se laver - to wash oneself
se casser - break (some part of the body)
s' habiller - to dress
Pronouns change in person and number when conjugating verbs:
Je me love.
Tu te loves.
Il se love.
Nous nous lavons.
Vous vous lavez.
Ils se lavent.
Probably for the first time you can feel like a complete idiot saying out loud nous nous lavons, but reflexive pronouns always agree with the subject in gender and number, and in some cases there is such a funny coincidence in forms.
- Impersonal pronouns
6) Impersonal pronouns acting as subjects
Ce, il- analogues of the impersonal “it” in English. In general, they are interchangeable, but ce more often used in informal communication.
Examples:
Il est possible que… - It is possible that…
C'est moi. - It's me.
Il est nouveau. - This is new.
C'est fini! - It's finished!
7) Relative pronouns
These pronouns act as a link between the main and subordinate clauses in a complex sentence. There are only 5 relative pronouns, each with its own precisely limited sphere of use.
The pronoun replaces the direct object in a subordinate clause. In terms of function and use, it can be compared with “that” in English; their fundamental difference is that the English “that” can often be omitted in a sentence, while the French “que” must necessarily be present in the sentence. Compare for yourself:
Où est la chose que j'ai achetée hier? - Where is the thing I bought yesterday?
The pronoun replaces the subject of a subordinate clause and in some cases resembles the English “who”:
Je voudrais un prof qui ne donne pas de devoirs. - I would like to study with a teacher who does not assign homework.
However, the pronoun qui can also refer to inanimate objects:
Cependant, le prof donne des devoirs qui nous aident à apprendre. - However, the teacher gives us homework that helps us study.
In the last example qui refers to a noun devoirs(homework).
- Lequel/Laquelle/Lesquels/Lesquelles
These beautiful and melodious pronouns replace indirect objects with a preposition.
Attention: if a noun denotes a person, you must use the combination “preposition + qui».
French lequel in some cases it may be similar to the English “which”:
Je n'ai pas lu la letter à laquelle tu as répondu. - I did not read the letter to which you replied.
- Dont
For indirect objects with preposition de French has a separate pronoun dont, which can be compared to the English “whose” or “that”.
It is often used in sentences with a prepositional verb, such as parler de(talk about something) avoir besoin de(need something) or avoir peur de(to be afraid of something).
For example:
Le pronom dont j'ai peur! - Preposition, whom I'm afraid!
This pronoun indicates a place in space and often coincides in use with the English “where”:
C'est là où j'ai mangé hier. - This is where I ate yesterday.
It's interesting that the pronoun où may also indicate a circumstance of time:
Mercredi, c'est le jour où je pars. - Wednesday is the day I leave.
8) Adverbial pronouns
Luckily for us, French, which is generous with pronouns, in this case limited itself to only two - y And en.
Y à + noun, while en replaces a noun in combination de + noun.
These pronouns are extremely important and are used in virtually every phrase. You might already remember some stable phrases that contain these pronouns: Il y a...(analogous to the English “there is”) or J' en ai un(I have [one]). Let's see where else they live.
Let's start with examples:
Je voudrais aller à Paris. -Je voudrais y aller. (I would like to go to Paris. - I would like to go there.)
Il pense à l'été dernier. -Il y pense. (He thinks about last summer. - He thinks about it.)
This pronoun can also replace an entire sentence, which is introduced using a preposition à :
Je pence à ce que j'ai lu. -J' y pense. (I think about what I read. - I think about it.)
Attention: At this stage, it’s easy to get confused with pronouns. Y used instead of a noun in combination à + inanimate noun. Don't confuse it with lequel, which is used as an allied word, or with lui/leur, which replace the indirect object expressed by an animate noun denoting a person.
Again, examples first:
Ma mère prepare des pâtes. -Ma mere en prepare. (Mom is preparing pasta).
Pronoun en can also act as a substitute for a noun in the combination “numeral/adverb of quantity + noun”:
Il a beaucoup de bonbons. -Il en a beaucoup. (He has a lot of sweets. - He has their many.)
Elle a deux livres.-Elle en a deux. - She has two books. - She has their two.
Attention: pronoun en must always be used when talking about the quantity of something. Yes, you can't say * J'ai un.In this form it will at best be regarded as the beginning of a sentence J'ai un...livre. To say “I have only one,” you need to insert a pronoun en: J'en ai un.
9) Indefinite pronouns
autres- other
chacun, chacune- everyone, every
certain, certaine- some, some
plusieurs- many, numerous
quelqu'un- anyone
tout- All
tous, totes- All
Attention: Most indefinite pronouns are combined with a verb in the 3 l form. units h.
LIFE HACK!
As promised, we show you a way to correctly place pronouns in a sentence. Do you know the French children's song "Frère Jacques"? Whenever you think about where to put le, and where - lui, hum to the tune of the song:
me, te, nous, vous
me, te, nous, vous
le, la, les
le, la, les
lui, leur
lui, leur
y
en
y
en
Now you can easily produce, at first glance, hair-raising speeds like “ Je le lui ai donne"!
Not only adjectives, but also pronouns are demonstratives. Demonstrative pronouns are used in cases where it is necessary to replace a noun that has already been discussed. They can be simple or complex.
Simple demonstrative pronouns and their use in speech
Let's look at simple pronouns:
Simple demonstrative pronouns are never used in isolation. These pronouns are always followed by:
1. word with preposition de. Je préfère la maison de Camille à celle de moi.“I like Camilla’s house better than mine.”
2. a new sentence as part of a complex one. Voilà celui que je voulais voir.- This is the one I wanted to see.
Complex demonstrative pronouns and their use in speech
As for complex forms, they are used independently.
Please note that complex shapes differ from simple ones by adding particles "ci" And "là" which indicate the distance of an object or person in space or time. "Ci" indicates that it is closer to or replaces the noun that was mentioned last. "Là" denotes what comes next or was previously mentioned. Let's look at a few examples:
Ce sont des livres. Celui-ci est neuf, celui-là est vieux.- These are books. (masculine in French). This one is new, and that one is old.
Quelle est ta maison? Celle-ci ou celle-là?- What is your house? This one or that one?
Invariable demonstrative pronouns and their use in speech
All of the above pronouns are changeable, but there are also those that do not change. You are already familiar with one unchangeable pronoun - this pronoun "ce" in circulation "C'est". Also unchangeable pronouns include cela(That), ceci(This), ça. They replace not individual words, but ideas and even entire sentences.
J'apprécie cela- I appreciate (it) that.
Es tu contre? - Je n'ai pas dit ça.-Are you against it? - I didn't say that.
Je vais faire ceci.- I'm going to do it.
"Ça" used in colloquial speech, and "seci" And "cela" if used in one sentence, they form a contrast: parler de ceci et de cela- talk about this, about that.
Lesson assignments
Exercise 1. Enter the correct pronoun.
1. (this) est beau et (that) est laid. 2. Quelle tarte est-ce que tu préfères? (this) ou (that)? 3. Ce livre est (ta) dont je t’ai parlé. 4. Voici ma chambre et voilà (this) de ma sœur. 5. Cette bicyclette n’est pas nouvelle, prends (that one). 6. J'ai rendu à la bibliothèque mes livres et (these) de mon frère. 7. (This) est un secret. 8. Il pense toujours à (volume).
Answer 1.
1. ceci, cela 2. celle-ci, celle-là 3. celui 4. celle 5. celle-là 6. ceux 7. ceci 8. cela
There are variable and unchangeable pronouns. Depending on the number and gender of the noun, a variable pronoun is selected, which is used in the sentence.
Celui/ celle (that/that) and ceux/ celles (those) are variable demonstrative pronouns of simple form. Using particles ci and là complex forms of variable demonstrative pronouns are formed, which indicate the location of an object or person in space in relation to the speaker.
Unchangeable demonstrative pronouns include Ce (C’) and ceci, cela, ça , equivalent to Russian " This ".
6.1 Variable demonstrative pronouns (simple form)
Singular | Plural | ||
m.r. | w.r. | m.r. | w.r. |
celui | celle | ceux | cells |
Celui Qui arrivera le dernier n’aura pas un cadeau. - The one who comes last will not receive a gift. | Je préfère la bicyclette de Marie que celle de Jean. – I like Maria’s bike better than Jean’s. | Ceux Qui sont en pantalons sont mes collègues. – Those who are wearing pants are my colleagues. | Celles avec le chat sont mes copines. “The ones with the cat are my friends.” |
In general, modified demonstrative pronouns of a simple form are not used in isolation. They are followed by:
1) participle:
For example: Voici son dessin, voici celui reality par mon fils. - Here is his drawing, here is the one my son made.
2) addition with a preposition (most often de).
The demonstrative pronoun used in sentences of this type is usually not translated into Russian. Instead, the same noun is repeated that was replaced by a pronoun in the French sentence:
For example: Les chaussures de Michel sont noires, cells de Victor sont jaunes. - Michel's shoes are black, Victor's shoes are yellow.
3) relative subordinate clause:
For example: Je vous présente ceux qui ont triomphé ce matin.- I present to you those who won this morning.
6.2 Variable demonstrative pronouns (complex form)
Singular | Plural | ||
m.r. | w.r. | m.r. | w.r. |
celui-ci | celle-ci | ceux-ci | celles-ci |
celui-là | celle-la | ceux-là | celles-là |
Celui-là, on ne peut jamais compter sur lui. –This one, you can never count on him. | Quelle voiture préfères-tu? Celle-ci où celle-là? –What car do you like? This one or that one? | Pauline et les Ivanov ont travaillé ensemble dans le bureau des Ivanov, elle a passé trois heures dans le bureau de ceux-ci. –Polina and the Ivanovs worked together in the Ivanovs' office; she spent three hours in their office. | Parmi toutes les robes, pourquoi a-t-elle choisi celles-ci? –Why did she choose these among all the skirts? |
Particles ci and là indicate the distance of an object and person in space and time. Ci indicates what is closer in space, or replaces the noun that was mentioned last. Là - what follows or was mentioned earlier:
For example: Prenez celui-ci! - Take this one! (whatever is closer).
Prenez celui-là! - Take that one! (what comes next).
Jean et Anne étudient bien, mais celle-ci est plus appliquée. - Jean and Anna study well, but the latter (Anna) is more diligent.
6.3 Inflexible pronouns
1. Ce (c’) - “this”
Used as a subject with a verbêtre , for example, in the case of selection, when it follows:
* relative pronoun (qui, que, dont, …):
C'est la fille dont je t'ai parlée. - This is the girl I told you about.
Ce sont les artistes que nous avons vus au théâtre -These are the artists we saw in the theater.
* subject expressed by a noun:
Ah, c'est beau, l'amour! - Oh, this is beautiful, love!
Ce sont et c'est used before the names of professions and nationalities when introducing unfamiliar persons:
Ce sont des étudiantes. - These are students.
C'est un chanteur. - This is a singer.
Ce sont des Espagnols. - These are the Spaniards.
When introducing people you know, personal pronouns are used:
Elles sont etudiantes. - They are students.
Robert? Il est chanteur. - Robert? He is a singer.
Olga est espagnole. - Olga is Spanish.
2. Ceci, cela, ça - “this”
Used as a subject with all verbs except être; and also as a complement or nominal part of the predicate.
Cela semble normal - This seems normal.
- Votre chat avait ceci dans la gorge, dit le vétérinaire en montrant une grosse boule de fil -“Your cat had it in her throat,” the veterinarian said, showing a large wad of thread.
Cela replaces a previous sentence or idea and denotes a more distant object.
- On t'a dit que j'étais malade, cela est absolument faux - They told you that I was sick, that's not true.
Vu d'ici, cela est un animal et non une plante. - ABOUTHere it looks like an animal, not a plant.
Ceci - introduces an idea that will follow this statement and denotes a closer object.
Je vais te dire ceci - I'm going to tell you this.
Ceci est un vase précieux, pas un jouet -This is a precious vase, not a toy.
Ça replaces cela and ceci in colloquial speech, but rarely used in writing:
Manger en classe, ça ne se fait pas - You can't eat in class.
With the verb être cela can be replaced by ce:
Ce n'est pas très gentil de ta part. -This is not very good of you.
6.4 Excellence
In sentences, find words that are replaced by pronouns
1. Quel vol choisis-tu? Le vol de demain ou celui de mardi? ()
2. Cette revue n’est pas interior, je voudrais voir celle que lit mon voisin.()
3. Quelles sont vos valises, celles-là ou celles-ci?()
4. Tu aimes notre hôtesse? Celle qui nous a accueilli à l’entrée de l’avion? ()
************************************************************************************************************************
6.5. Devoir à la maison
Utilisez celui, celle, ce, ceux-là, ceux, celui-là, cela.
1. ………. Qui n'aura pas fini son travail à temps sera moins payé.
2. Laquelle des deux voitures préférez-vous ?............ de Pierre ou ……….. de Jean ?
3. Décidément, tu ne sais pas……….. que tu veux.
4. J'ai oublié de regarder la météo; j'ai pensé à tout sauf à ………….
5…………. Qui veulent participer à la sortie doivent s’inscrire.
6. Preférez-vous ce vêtement-ci, ou plutôt ………….?
7. Ces ouvriers-ci ont peu travaillé; mais…………. auront une prime, car ils ont fini le travail vite et bien.
Pronouns are a fairly common part of speech used to construct sentences. One type of pronouns is demonstrative pronouns.
French demonstrative pronouns are used to distinguish a specific object from others, as well as to determine its characteristics or quantitative characteristics, to replace the corresponding noun. This group includes pronouns such as celui (this or that), ce (this), celui-ci (this), celui-là (that), cela (this, that), ceci – this, etc. Depending depending on inflection, they are indeclinable (they agree in gender and number with the noun) and indeclinable.
The demonstrative pronoun celui (masculine) has the following forms:
- Celle – this, that (feminine)
- Ceux – these (masculine and feminine gender or masculine plural),
- celles – these (feminine plural).
See similar topics:
Usually it is not translated into Russian, or it is translated using the word it replaces, depending on the situation and context.
For example:
celui que vous voulez visiter - the one you want to visit.
Celle que je cherche longtemps is the one I've been looking for for a long time.
Les revue hebdomadaires arrivent ici le soir et ceux quotidiennes le matin - weekly magazines arrive here at night, and daily magazines in the morning. (as we see, in the 2nd part there is no noun “magazines” replaced by a demonstrative pronoun).
Often this French demonstrative pronoun is used in set phrases or phrases, in particular, in proverbs or business phrases used in official documents, and therefore loses its direct meaning. The most common such phrases are the following:
ceux de l'âge - same age, peers,
parmi ceux-ci citons – from this number it is necessary to select,
celui-la en vaut quinze! - what a class! Simply wonderful!
selon celle des dates qui survienne la première – depends on which date comes first.
To denote the pronoun “this”, the French demonstrative pronoun celui-ci is also used, (celle-ci – this, celles-ci – these (implies the feminine gender), ceux-ci (implies either the masculine gender, or the feminine and masculine gender together), and to designate the pronoun “that” - celui-là, which has forms similar to the above pronoun, namely celle-là - that, celles-là - those, ceux-là - those. These pronouns can be used in a sentence independently, as well as to designate. closer to the speaking object or subject. For example:
Ceux-ci se levent, ceux-là se couchent - these get up, those fall asleep.
Il ne s’attendait pas voir à celle-là – he did not expect to see this.
Also one of the most widely used demonstrative pronouns is the pronoun ce - that is, that which retains its form regardless of gender and number. It is used both independently (for example, ce me semble que je dois le dire - I think I need to tell him about this), and in constructions or sentences with être, most often to enhance emphasis (c'est le travail qu' il doit faire demain - this is the work he must do tomorrow), in fixed phrases (for example, si ce n'est - unless you count, ce n'est pas de refus - expressing your consent to something, compte tenu de ce qui précède dans le texte – taking into account everything stated above in this document). This pronoun is also used in the formation of complex interrogative pronouns or interrogative particles in French, for example: Qu’est-ce que nous faisons? – what are we doing? Le soleil brille n’est-ce-pas? – the sun is shining, isn’t it?
Pronoun ceci – this, cela – that, ça – this most often used as a subject, the exception in this case is the verb être, with which they are not used, as well as to replace the previous phrase, phrase or sentence, or simply in set phrases. For example:
ceci n’est pas négociable – not subject to discussion (consideration),
cela ne fait rien – no need to worry about anything!
For fans of the French language, distance French tutors will be useful.
