Italian psychiatrist. Lombroso is an Italian forensic psychiatrist. Followers and influence

Price Realized: $6,325

LOMBROSO, Cesare (1836-1909). L "Uomo Delinquente, studiato in rapporto alla antropologia, alla medicina legale ed alle discipline carcerarie. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli, 1876. 8o (229 x 156 mm). Mounted lithographed illustration on p. 65, some wood-engraved illustrations in text. (Title- and half-title reinforced along inner margin, some light foxing.) Modern quarter vellum. PMM 364.

Care: $6,325. Auction Christie "s. The Haskell F. Norman Library of Science and Medicine. Part III. October 29, 1998. New York, Park Avenue. Lot No. 1175.

FIRST EDITION. Lombroso derived the basis of his thesis from the work of Auguste Comte (1798-1857), and as the leader of an influential school of criminologists maintained that criminal behavior was the result of either inherited physical and mental abnormalitites, or from physical degeneration. Although it contained some fallacies, L"Uomo Delinquente ("Criminal Man") "was a revolutionary work which not only caused a considerable stir when it first came out but had a practical effect which was wholly beneficial. The division which it indicated between the congenital criminal and those who were tempted to crime by circumstances has had a lasting effect on penal theory. Again, by connecting the treatment of crime with the treatment of insanity, Lombroso initiated a branch of psychiatric research which has cast new light on problems, such as criminal responsibility, which lie at the root of human society" (PMM). Garrison-Morton 174 ("Lombroso inaugurated the doctrine of a "criminal type""); PMM 364; Norman 1384.

As you know, the Italian psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso was a follower of the views of the French psychiatrist B.O. Morel (Morel's doctrine of degeneration). Lombroso's youth was spent in poverty and deprivation. He even had to go to jail on suspicion of an anti-government conspiracy, later, based on his prison experience, he created a theory about a born criminal and classified him external signs. Based on his own conclusions about biological characteristics, and above all external morphological features (the shape of the skull, the irregular structure of the auricle, etc.), in his opinion, inherent in criminals, Lombroso argued that violators of legal norms are people of abnormal physical, and therefore mental organizations, people of a special breed and that crime is a consequence of their innate characteristics, the result of atavism. Lombroso considered crime inevitable for such people and declared that punishment could not fix them; proceeding from a judgment about the danger of such persons to society, he considered it necessary to conclude an indefinite long terms and frequent use of the death penalty. He called people who are innately prone to criminal acts "homo delinquent" and declared that such people are subject to destruction. Lombroso also singled out political "crimes", which, in his opinion, are also rooted in the biological nature of the criminal. He substantiated this thesis by asserting that the nature of a normal person is characterized by hatred for the new - “mizoneism”, and he considered love for the new (“philoneism”) to be a disease inherent in “congenital criminals under the influence of affect - affective degenerates”. Lombroso developed a formula that underlies the formula of criminal defeat most in demand in criminology. In his formula, the founder of the Anthropological Institute proposes to correlate the average size of the anthropological characteristics of convicts with the number of minors who drink alcohol. The result obtained, multiplied by the conditional indicator "E", is considered as a frequency feature of the station wagon. This formula made it possible to identify the causality of crime, which at the general level has always been reduced to the length of certain parts of the body. Lombroso identified four types of criminals: the murderer, the thief, the rapist and the crook. Moreover, this typology persists to this day.

Lombroso's early work in the field of medicine, especially on cretinism, drew the attention of Rudolf Virchow to him. From 1855, his journal articles on psychiatry began to appear, the chair of which he took at the University of Pavia in 1862, being at the same time the director of the asylum in Peisaro; now prof. Turin University. Lombroso drew particular attention to himself with the theory of the neuropathy of brilliant people, on the basis of which he built a bold parallel between genius and an unconscious state, as well as mental anomalies. He was one of the first to apply the anthropometric method to the study of criminals. Having set himself the goal of highlighting the study of the "criminal" and not the "crime", on which, according to Lombroso, the so-called classical direction of the science of criminal law that dominated before him was exclusively concentrated, he subjected to the study of various physical and mental phenomena in a large number of criminals. population and in this way clarified the nature of the criminal man, as a special variety. Studies of the pathological anatomy, physiology and psychology of criminals gave him a number of features that distinguish, in his opinion, a born criminal from a normal person. Guided by these signs, Lombroso considered it possible not only to establish the type of a criminal person in general, but even to note the features inherent in certain categories of criminals, such as thieves, murderers, rapists, etc. Skull, brain, nose, ears, hair color, tattoo, the handwriting, the sensitivity of the skin, the mental properties of criminals were observed and measured by Lombroso and his students, serving as the basis for their general conclusion that in a criminal person live, by virtue of the law of heredity, the psychophysical characteristics of distant ancestors. The kinship of a criminal man with a savage, derived from this, is revealed especially clearly in a dulled sensitivity, in a love for a tattoo, in an underdevelopment of a moral feeling, which causes an inability to repent, in a weakness of reason, and even in a special letter, reminiscent of the hieroglyphs of the ancients. Not only these signs, however, but even the main views of Lombroso on the criminal changed as his work developed, so that the atavistic theory of the origin of the criminal man developed by him did not prevent him from seeing in the latter also a manifestation of moral insanity and epilepsy.

The speed of change in views and the sharpness of the attacks of criticism prompted Lombroso to publish a summary of the views of the representatives of the school of criminal anthropology that had developed at that time ("L" anthropologie criminelle et ses recents progres ") in 1890. A critical attitude to the works of Lombroso reveals the major shortcomings of his teaching and detracts from the significance of the provisions he established. Considering criminal law as a branch of physiology and pathology, Lombroso transfers criminal law from the field of moral sciences to the field of sociology, bringing it closer, at the same time, to the natural sciences. The genesis of crime leads him to the conclusion that there must be an analogy between punitive activities of the state, protecting social life , and those reactions that both animals and plants show to the external influences they experience. Operating with the concept of crime not as a legal, conditional concept that changes in time and place, but as a concept related to unchanging natural phenomena, explaining crime as a criminal and not isolating the legal and anthropological point of view on it, Lombroso made a major methodological error that had fatal to his work. At the Brussels International Criminal Anthropological Congress, the inconsistency of the concept of a criminal person as a special type, as well as all those particular provisions that Lombroso derived from this concept, was revealed with particular clarity. He met determined opponents, primarily from the criminologists, who rebelled against the attempt to destroy the foundations of the existing criminal justice and replace the current forensic judges with judges of a new formation, recruited from among representatives of the natural sciences. Regardless of the criminologists, Lombroso found himself dangerous opponents among anthropologists, who argued that criminal law is a social and applied science and that neither in its subject matter nor in its research method can it be brought closer to anthropology. In the struggle with his opponents, Lombroso discovered the same tireless energy that never left him in his creative scientific work. He works, according to him, not in order to give his research a practical, applied application in the field of jurisprudence; as a scientist, he serves science only for the sake of science. Objecting to the reproach made to him of illogicality, he did not hesitate to answer: "in everything that seems really new in the field of experiment, logic brings the greatest harm; so-called common sense is the most terrible enemy of great truths." Not embarrassed by the attacks, he created new, major works. So, after Op. about a criminal person: "L" uomo deliquente "(1876), in which, next to born criminals, he studied random criminals who fell into crime due to an unfortunate coincidence of circumstances (criminaloids), half-mad, possessing all the makings of crime (mattoids), and pseudo-criminals (punished by law, but not dangerous to society), Lombroso wrote a book about political crime and about revolutions in their relation to law, criminal anthropology and the science of government: "Il delitto politico e le rivoluzioni" (1890), in which, based on the aversion of the majority to innovation and the desire for it of geniuses and half-lunatics (Minoseism and Philoneism), came to the conclusion that the revolution, as a historical expression of evolution, is a physiological phenomenon, while rebellion is a pathological phenomenon.

Assessing the views of Lombroso, the Russian lawyer A.F. Koni noted that he "has gone as far as reducing the punitive activities of the state, to hunting for a man-beast." Historian of psychiatry T.I. Yudin believed that Lombroso's views were the forerunners of fascist theories about "subhumans" - inferior races, and that Lombroso offered the same methods of dealing with an inferior race - destruction. Moscow anatomist Professor D.N. Zernov provided evidence that the irregularities of the skulls referred to by Lombroso are not properly atavistic. In the dissertation of the Russian and Soviet anatomist V.P. Vorobyov proved the inaccuracy of Lombroso's ideas about the degenerative ear. In the book The Oxford Manual of Psychiatry, professors of psychiatry M. Gelder, D. Gat and R. Mayo, mentioning that Lombroso believed that epileptics commit crimes much more often than non-epileptics, concluded with reference to studies that such a close relationship between epilepsy and crime does not exist.

Historically, another work by Cesare Lombroso has been better known and famous in Russia since the last third of the 19th century:

LOMBROSO, Cesare (1836-1909). Genio e follia: prelezione ai corsi di antropologia e clinica psichiatrica presso la R. Universita "di Pavia. - Milano: Tipografia e Libreria di Giuseppe Chiusi, editore, 1864. - 46, p. - "Genius and madness"; in Russian translation - "Genius and insanity".

Why do some people admire their abilities, even genius, while others bear the cross of dementia, vices, crimes? In his work, Lombroso traces a clear connection between genius and the unconscious state of a person, mental anomalies, the impact of the environment and society on him, considers the emergence and development of genius and dementia through the prism of biosociological theory.

In 1864, Lombroso published his book "Genius and Madness" (Russian translation by G. Tetyushinova, 1885), in which he draws a parallel between great people and lunatics. Here is what the author himself writes in the preface of the book:

“When, many years ago, being, as it were, under the influence of ecstasy, during which the relationship between genius and insanity was clearly presented to me in a mirror, I wrote the first chapters of this book in 12 days, then, I confess, even I myself it was clear to what serious practical conclusions the theory I had created could lead.”

In this book, Lombroso draws conclusions, practically diagnoses, the greatest representatives of mankind. All the celebrities Lombroso wrote about were dead by the time the book was written and, therefore, did not have the opportunity to refute what was written. There is no evidence of any of the geniuses described by Lombroso in his book, to his medical assistance or personal acquaintance of Lombroso with any of the celebrities he described. The psychiatrist makes all “diagnoses” in absentia, based solely on his own credulity or predilection for various rumors about the characters and habits of great people, whose biographies, by the very fact of their celebrity, were overgrown with all sorts of legends. This book is a prime example of medical abuse. Lombroso refers in the preface to the fact that he wrote this book "under the influence of ecstasy, as it were", but this fact, according to his own theories, conclusions and observations, puts him on the verge of turning from a psychiatrist into a patient. In his work, Lombroso writes about the physical similarity of brilliant people with crazy people, about the influence of various phenomena (atmospheric, heredity, etc.) on genius and insanity, gives examples, numerous medical evidence about the presence of mental abnormalities in a number of writers, and also describes special features brilliant people who suffered at the same time and insanity.

These features are as follows:

1. Some of these people discovered the unnatural. So, for example, Ampère was already a good mathematician at the age of 13, and Pascal at the age of 10 came up with a theory of acoustics based on the sounds made by cymbals when they are placed on the table.

2. Many of them were extremely drug and alcohol abusers. So, Haller absorbed a huge amount of opium, and, for example, Rousseau - coffee.

3. Many did not feel the need to work quietly in the quiet of their office, but as if they could not sit in one place and had to constantly travel.

4. They also changed their professions and specialties no less often, as if their powerful genius could not be satisfied with any one science and fully express itself in it.

5. Such strong, captivating minds passionately indulge in science and greedily take on the solution of the most difficult questions, as perhaps most suitable for their morbidly excited energy. In every science they are able to grasp new outstanding features and, on the basis of them, draw sometimes ridiculous conclusions.

6. All geniuses have their own special style, passionate, tremulous, colorful, which distinguishes them from other healthy writers and is characteristic of them, perhaps precisely because it is developed under the influence of psychosis. This position is confirmed by the own admission of such geniuses that, after the end of ecstasy, all of them are not able not only to compose, but also to think.

7. Almost all of them suffered deeply from religious doubts, which involuntarily presented themselves to their minds, while a timid conscience forced them to regard such doubts as crimes. For example, Haller wrote in his diary: “My God! Send me just one drop of faith; my mind believes in you, but my heart does not share this faith - that is my crime.

8. The main signs of the abnormality of these great people are already expressed in the very structure of their oral and written speech, in illogical conclusions, in absurd contradictions. Wasn't Socrates, the genius thinker who foresaw Christian morality and Jewish monotheism, crazy when he was guided in his actions by the voice and instructions of his imaginary Genius, or even just a sneeze?

9. Almost all geniuses gave great importance to your dreams.

In the conclusion of his book, C. Lombroso, however, says that on the basis of the foregoing it is impossible to conclude that genius in general is nothing but insanity. True, in the turbulent and anxious life of brilliant people there are moments when these people resemble madmen, and in mental activity and others there are many common features - for example, increased sensitivity, exaltation, replaced by apathy, originality of aesthetic works and the ability to discover, unconsciousness creativity and strong absent-mindedness, alcohol abuse and enormous vanity. Among the people of genius there are lunatics, and among the lunatics there are geniuses. But there were and are many brilliant people in whom one cannot find the slightest sign of insanity.

Content:

1. Introduction to the historical overview

2. The similarity of brilliant people with crazy people

physiologically

3. The influence of atmospheric phenomena on brilliant people

and on the lunatics

4. The influence of meteorological phenomena on birth

brilliant people

5. The influence of race and heredity on genius

and insanity

6. Brilliant people who suffered from insanity:

Harrington, Bolian, Codazzi, Ampere, Kent, Schumann, Tasso,

Cardano, Swift, Newton, Rousseau, Lenau, Scheheny, Schopenhauer

7. Examples of geniuses, poets, humorists and others

between crazy people

8. Crazy entertainers and artists

9. Mattoid graphomaniacs, or psychopaths

10. "Prophets" and revolutionaries. Savonarola, Lazaretti

11. Special features of brilliant people who suffered

at the same time madness

12. Exceptional features of brilliant people. Conclusion

Notable students: Known as:

Founder of the anthropological school in criminology

Cesare Lombroso(Italian Cesare Lombroso; November 6, Verona, Austrian Empire - October 19, Turin, Italy) - Italian prison psychiatrist, founder of the anthropological trend in criminology and criminal law, whose main idea was the idea of ​​​​a born criminal. Lombroso's main merit in criminology is that he shifted the focus of study from crime as an act to a person - a criminal.

Biography

Lombroso was born on November 6, 1835 in Verona to a wealthy Jewish family. He studied literature, linguistics, and archeology at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, but changed his plans and became a surgeon in the army in 1859. In 1866 he was appointed as a visiting lecturer in Pavia, and later, in 1871, in charge of the psychiatric hospital in Pesaro. Lombroso became professor of forensic medicine and public hygiene at the University of Turin in 1876. In the same year he wrote his most important and influential work, " L'Uomo delinquent”(“Criminal Man”), which went through five editions on Italian and published in various European languages.

Since 1862 professor at the University of Pavia, and since 1896 professor of psychiatry at the University of Turin and criminal anthropology (1906) at the same university.

He died in Turin in 1909.

Scientific activity

Developed a formula that underlies the most popular formula in criminology of criminal defeat. In his formula, the great founder of the Anthropological Institute proposes to correlate the average size of the anthropological features of convicts with the number of minors who drink alcohol. The result obtained, multiplied by the conditional indicator "E", is considered as a frequency feature of the station wagon. This formula made it possible to identify the causality of crime, which at the general level has always been reduced to the length of certain parts of the body.

Works

"Genius and Madness"

In 1863, Lombroso published his book "Genius and Madness" (Russian translation by G. Tetyushinova,), in which he draws a parallel between great people and lunatics. Here is what the author himself writes in the preface of the book:

When, many years ago, being, as it were, under the influence of ecstasy, during which the relationship between genius and insanity was clearly presented to me in a mirror, I wrote the first chapters of this book in 12 days, then, I confess, even I myself did not have it is clear what serious practical conclusions the theory I created can lead to ...

In this book, Lombroso draws conclusions, practically diagnoses, the greatest representatives of mankind. All the celebrities Lombroso wrote about were dead by the time the book was written and, therefore, did not have the opportunity to refute what was written. There is no evidence of any of the geniuses described by Lombroso in his book, to his medical assistance or personal acquaintance of Lombroso with any of the celebrities he described. The psychiatrist makes all “diagnoses” in absentia, based solely on his own credulity or predilection for various rumors about the characters and habits of great people, whose biographies, by the very fact of their celebrity, were overgrown with all sorts of legends. This book is a prime example of medical abuse. Lombroso refers in the preface to the fact that he wrote this book "under the influence of ecstasy, as it were", but this fact, according to his own theories, conclusions and observations, puts him on the verge of turning from a psychiatrist into a patient.

In his work, Lombroso writes about the physical similarity of brilliant people with crazy people, about the influence of various phenomena (atmospheric, heredity, etc.) on genius and insanity, gives examples, numerous medical evidence about the presence of mental abnormalities in a number of writers, and also describes special features brilliant people who suffered at the same time and insanity.

These features are as follows:

1. Some of these people discovered the unnatural. So, for example, Ampère was already a good mathematician at the age of 13, and Pascal at the age of 10 came up with a theory of acoustics based on the sounds made by cymbals when they are placed on the table.
2. Many of them were extremely drug and alcohol abusers. So, Haller absorbed a huge amount of opium, and, for example, Rousseau - coffee.
3. Many did not feel the need to work quietly in the quiet of their office, but as if they could not sit in one place and had to constantly travel.
4. They also changed their professions and specialties no less often, as if their powerful genius could not be satisfied with any one science and fully express itself in it.
5. Such strong, captivating minds passionately indulge in science and greedily take on the solution of the most difficult questions, as perhaps most suitable for their morbidly excited energy. In every science they are able to grasp new outstanding features and, on the basis of them, draw sometimes ridiculous conclusions.
6. All geniuses have their own special style, passionate, tremulous, colorful, which distinguishes them from other healthy writers and is characteristic of them, perhaps precisely because it is developed under the influence of psychosis. This position is confirmed by the own admission of such geniuses that, after the end of ecstasy, all of them are not able not only to compose, but also to think.
7. Almost all of them suffered deeply from religious doubts, which involuntarily presented themselves to their minds, while a timid conscience forced them to regard such doubts as crimes. For example, Haller wrote in his diary: “My God! Send me just one drop of faith; my mind believes in you, but my heart does not share this faith - that is my crime.
8. The main signs of the abnormality of these great people are already expressed in the very structure of their oral and written speech, in illogical conclusions, in absurd contradictions. Wasn't Socrates, the genius thinker who foresaw Christian morality and Jewish monotheism, crazy when he was guided in his actions by the voice and instructions of his imaginary Genius, or even just a sneeze?
9. Almost all geniuses attached great importance to their dreams.

In the conclusion of his book, C. Lombroso, however, says that on the basis of the foregoing it is impossible to conclude that genius in general is nothing but insanity. True, in the turbulent and anxious life of brilliant people there are moments when these people resemble madmen, and in mental activity and others there are many common features - for example, increased sensitivity, exaltation, replaced by apathy, originality of aesthetic works and the ability to discover, unconsciousness creativity and strong absent-mindedness, alcohol abuse and enormous vanity. Between brilliant people there are lunatics, and between crazy people there are geniuses. But there were and are many brilliant people in whom one cannot find the slightest sign of insanity.

"Types of Criminals"

Lombroso identified four types of criminals: the murderer, the thief, the rapist and the crook. Moreover, this typology persists to this day.

"Woman criminal and prostitute"

The work examines the relationship of women to three objects: love, prostitution and crime. Lombroso comes to the conclusion that for a woman the main instinct is motherhood, which determines their behavior throughout life.

• Love
  • Love in animals
  • Love in a person
• Prostitution
  • History of prostitution
    • Shame and prostitution among savage peoples
    • Prostitution among historical peoples
  • Congenital prostitutes
  • Random prostitutes
• Crime woman
  • Crime woman
    • Female delinquency in the animal kingdom
    • Female crime among savage and primitive peoples
  • Born criminals
  • Random criminals
  • Criminals of passion
  • Suicides

List of works

• Ricerche sul cretinismo in Lombardia, (Gazz. Medico, Italiana, No.13, ) - « Studies on cretinism in Lombardy»

• Genio e follia: prelezione ai corsi di antropologia e clinica psichiatrica presso la R. Universita" di Pavia. - Milano: Tipografia e Libreria di Giuseppe Chiusi, editore, . - 46, p. - « Genius and madness»; in Russian translation - " Genius and insanity»
  (subsequent edition: Genio e follia: prelezione ai corsi di antropologia e clinica psichiatrica presso la R. Universita "di Pavia. - 3a edizione ampliata con 4 appendici: i giornali dei pazzi, una biblioteca mattoide, i crani dei grandi uomini, polemica. - Milano: U Hoepli, 1877. - VIII, 194 p.)
  • Genius and insanity: A parallel between great people and crazy people: From the portrait. ed. ... / C. Lombroso; Per. from 4 ital. ed. [and foreword] K. Tetyushinova. - St. Petersburg: F. Pavlenkov, 1885. -, II, VIII, 351 p.
  • many modern publications:
    • Genius and insanity / Cesare Lombroso; [per. with it. G. Tetyushinova]. - M.: RIPOL classic, 2009. - 397, p. ISBN 978-5-7905-4356-2
    • Genius and insanity: [translated from Italian] / Cesare Lombroso. - St. Petersburg: Leningrad Publishing House, 2009 (St. Petersburg: IPK "Leningr. Publishing House"). - 364, p. ISBN 978-5-9942-0238-8 (in translation)
    • Genius and insanity [Text] / Cesare Lombroso. - M.: Academic project, 2011. - 237, p. - (Psychological technologies). ISBN 978-5-8291-1310-0
    • Genius and insanity / Cesare Lombroso; [per. with it. G.Tyutyushinova]. Moscow: Astrel, 2012. 348 p.
    • Genius and insanity / Cesare Lombroso; [per. with it. G.Tyutyushinova]. Moscow: Astrel, 2012. 352 p.
    • Genius and insanity. From genius to madness one step?.. [Text] / Cesare Lombroso; [per. from Italian. G. Tetyushinova]. - Moscow: RIPOL classic, 2011. - 397, p. - (World bestseller). ISBN 978-5-386-02869-5 (in translation)

• L'uomo bianco e l'uomo di colore. Letture sull" origine e le varietà delle razze umane. - Padova: F. Sacchetto, . - 223 p. - « White man and colored man. Readings on the Origin and Diversity of the Human Races»

• L'Uomo delinquente, ( ; L "uomo delinquente in rapporto all" antropologia, alla giurisprudenza ed alle discipline carcerarie: aggiuntavi La teoria della tutela penale del Prof. Avv. F. Poletti / Cesare Lombroso; Francisco Poletti. - 2 ed. - Torino: Bocca, . - 746p.) - « Criminal»; in Russian translation - " criminal man»
  • Criminal man: [transl. from it.] / Cesare Lombroso. - M.: Eksmo; MIDGARD, 2005 (St. Petersburg: AOOT Tver. polygr. comb.). - 876, p.: illustrations, portraits, tables; 24 cm. - (Giants of thought). ISBN 5-699-13045-4

• L'amore nel suicidio e nel delitto, . - " Love and insanity»
  • Lunatic love: For doctors and lawyers / Cesare Lombroso, prof. psychiatry in Turin; Per. from Italian. Dr. med. N. P. Leinenberg. - Odessa: type. "Odes. news", 1889. - 41 p.
  • Sexual psychopathy: (Love in lunatics) / Caesar Lombroso, prof. psychiatry in Turin; Per. from Italian. and ed. dr honey. N. P. Leinenberg. - 2nd Russian ed. - Odessa, 1908. - 46 p.

• L'Uomo di genio, . ( L "Uomo di genio in rapporto alla psichiatria, alla storia ed all" estetica. - 5a edizione del "Genio e follia", completamente mutata... . - Torino: fratelli Bocca, 1888. - XX, 488 p.) - « Man of genius»

• Palimsesti del carcere; raccolta unicamente destinata agli uomini di scienza. - Torino: Bocca, 1888. - 328 p. - « Prison scribbling, Study of prison inscriptions»

• Il delitto politico e le rivoluzioni in rapporto al diritto, all "antropologia criminale ed alla scienza di governo / Cesare Lombroso, Anthropologe Mediziner Italien; Rodolfo Laschi. - Torino: Bocca, . - 10, 555 p. - (Biblioteca antropologico-giuridica. Serie 1, Vol 9). - « Political crime» co-authored with Rodolfo Laski
  • Political crime and revolution in relation to law, criminal anthropology and state science: In 2 hours / Lombroso and Lasky; In the lane K. K. Tolstoy. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg. commercial type-lit. Vilenchik, . - 255 p.
    • Political crime and revolution in relation to law, criminal anthropology and state science = Politicalcriminality and revolution with respect to law, criminal anthropology and state science: In 2 hours / C. Lombroso, R. Lasky. - St. Petersburg: Jurid. Center Press, 2003 (Academic type. Nauka RAS). - 472 p. ISBN 5-94201-200-8

• L'anthropologie criminelle et ses recents progrès. - Paris: F. Alcan, 1890. - (Bibliothèque de Philosophie contemporaine).
  • The latest advances in the science of the criminal = (L'Anthropologie criminelle et ses re'cents progre's par C. Lombroso) / Cesare Lombroso; Per., with permission. ed., ed. and with preface. Master of Criminal Law L. M. Berlin, Dr. S. L. Rappoport. - St. Petersburg: N. K. Martynov, 1892. -, 160 p.

• La Donna delinquente Criminal»
  • Woman criminal and prostitute / C. Lombroso & G. Ferrero; Per. [and foreword] by Dr. G. I. Gordon. - Kyiv; Kharkov: F. A. Ioganson, 1897 (Kyiv). - , 478, IV, VII p.
    • Woman criminal and prostitute: [Translation / C. Lombroso, G. Ferrero (English) Russian ; Foreword V. S. Chudnovsky]. - Stavropol: Torba Publishing House, 1991. - 223, p. ISBN 5-87524-002-4
    • ... - AVAN-I, 1994. - 220 p. ISBN 5-87437-004-8
    • A woman - a criminal or a prostitute / Cesare Lombroso; [per. with it. G. Gordon]. Moscow: Astrel, 2012
    • A woman - a criminal or a prostitute / Cesare Lombroso; [per. with it. G. Gordon]. Moscow: Astrel, 2012

• L'origine du baiser, 1893 (La Nouvelle Revue 1893/06, A13, T83)
  • The origin of the kiss = (Cesare Lombroso - "L'origine du baiser"): Per. from fr. / Caesar Lombroso. - St. Petersburg: V. Vroblevsky, qualification. 1895. - 15 p.

• Le piu recenti scoperte ed applicazioni della psichiatria ed antropologia criminale /C. Lombroso. - Torino; firenze; Palermo; Messina; catania; Roma: Fratelli Bocca, 1893. - 431 p.

• Gli anarchici: con 2 tavole e 5 fig. nel testo. - Torino: fratelli Bocca, . - 95, p. - « Anarchists, a study in criminal psychology and sociology»
  • Anarchists: Crimin.-Psych. and sociol. essay / C. Lombroso; Per. from 2 ital. add. ed. N. S. Zhitkova. - Leipzig; St. Petersburg: "Thought" A. Miller, 1907 (Odessa). - 138 p.

• L'Antisemitismo e le scienze moderne, - " Anti-Semitism in the light of modern science»
  • Anti-Semitism / Cesare Lombroso; Per. with it. G. Z.; Instead of preface Art. O. Ya. Pergamenta: "The Jewish Question and People's Freedom". - Odessa: Tribune, qualification. 1906. - , VI, 73 p.
  • Anti-Semitism and modern science/ Cesare Lombroso; Per. from Italian. Ephraim Parkhomovsky. - Kyiv: F. L. Isserlis and Co., 1909. - 146 p.
    • ... - Kraft +, 2002. - 360 p. ISBN 5-93675-038-8

• Genio e degenerazione, (Remo Sandron, Palermo), . - " Genius and degradation»

• Le crime, causes et remedes, . - " Crime, its causes and methods of eradication»
  • Crime / C. Lombroso; Per. Dr. G. I. Gordon. - St. Petersburg: N. K. Martynov, 1900. - 140 p.;
    • Crime [Text]; The latest advances in criminal science; Anarchists / Cesare Lombroso; [foreword V. S. Ovchinsky]. - Moscow: INFRA-M, 2011. - VI, 313, p.: tab.; 22. - (Library of a criminologist). ISBN 978-5-16-001715-0

Other editions of works in Russian

• Madness before and now: Per. with it. / Cesar Lombroso, prof. psychiatry in Turin. - Odessa: N. Leinenberg, 1897. - 43 p.

• My visit to Tolstoy / Caesar Lombroso. - Carouge (Geneve): M. Elpidine, 1902. -, IV, 13 p.

• Kissing psychology: (Cesare Lombroso - "Psycologie du baiser"): Per. from fr. / Caesar Lombroso. - St. Petersburg: F. I. Mityurnikov, 1901. - 27 p.

Literature

• Wulfert A.K. Evaluation of Lombroso's doctrine after his death by the main representatives of the positive school of criminal law in Italy: A separate print from N 2, 1911 of the "Legal Notes" published by the Demidov Legal Lyceum. - Yaroslavl, 1911. - 26 p.
• Gertsenzon A. A. Against biological theories of the causes of crime. Essay first. // Issues of crime prevention. Issue 4. - M.: Jurid. lit., 1966. - S. 3-34.
• Gomberg b. The experience of presenting the main principles of the etiology of crime: Part 1- / B. Gomberg. - Kyiv: type. 2 artels, 1911.
  • ... Cesare Lombroso and criminal anthropology. - 1911. - IV, 160 p.
  • Lublinsky P. Gomberg B. Experience of presentation of the main principles of the etiology of crime. Part 1. Cesare Lombroso and criminal anthropology. St. Petersburg and Kyiv, 1911 [Text] / P. Lyublinsky. // Journal of Criminal Law and Procedure, published by the Russian Group of the International Union of Criminalists. - 1912. - No. 1. - S. 261-263.
• Zernov D.N. Critical essay on the anatomical foundations of Lombroso's criminal theory: Speech, delivered. in celebrations. coll. Imp. Moscow un-ta 12 Jan. 1896 honored. ord. prof. honey. fak. D. Zernov. - Moscow: Univ. type., 1896. - 55 p.
• Margolin A. D. The role and significance of Lombroso in the evolution of the concepts of crime and punishment. - Kyiv: Printing house of S. G. Slyusarevsky, 1910. - 20 p.
• Orshansky I. G. Our criminals and the teachings of Lombroso: Medical and psychological essay: (Report read at the Congress of Naturalists and Physicians in January 1890 in St. Petersburg). Kharkiv. University of I. G. Orshansky. - St. Petersburg: Type. E. Arngold, 1891. - 20 p.
• Pavlov V. G. Theoretical and methodological problems of the study of the subject of the crime . // Jurisprudence. - 1999. - No. 2. - S. 156-165.
• Shanis L. The theory of Tarda and Lombroso about the crimes of anarchists / L. Sheinis. // Herald of law. - 1899. - No. 10. December. - S. 312-323.
• Shcherbak A. E. Criminal man [congenital criminal - morally lunatic - epileptic] according to Lombroso. - St. Petersburg: Tipo-lit. P. I. Schmidt, 1889. -, 52, p.
• Sterenshis M. Cesare Lombroso. - Herzliya: Isradon, 2010. - 144 p. - (Jews and civilization). - ISBN 978-5-94467-092-2
• edit] See also

For many people, the portrait of a potential maniac and a brutal killer is very stereotypical. And it is formed, as a rule, not without the influence of cinema. Crime tapes, thrillers, thanks in large part to the brilliant play of actors, already in childhood lay this very external stereotype in our subconscious

"Gentlemen of Fortune" Associate Professor (E.Leonov)

"Heart of a Dog" Polygraph Polgirafovich Sharikov (V. Tolokonnikov)

Or maybe the emergence of these stereotypes is more scientifically explained by the well-known to many so-called. theory of Cesare Lombroso?

In the nineteenth century, this psychiatrist raised everything European society. He insisted that maniacs are already born. Here a child was born, and he is already a future bandit, because he has bandit genes.

According to Lombroso, even a very high-quality upbringing will not correct what nature has laid in the child. He will definitely be a bandit, if he has these same genes. The psychiatrist considered such people to be underdeveloped and suggested that they be identified as early as childhood and immediately isolated from society of normal people. How?!

Or all not a separate uninhabited island, or even deprive such people of life. Absurd?! Lombroso did not think so. He assured that in appearance, and she is special in a person with the genes of a villain, a special one can easily be calculated as a bandit. What should a bandit look like according to psychiatrist Lombroso?! A narrow forehead, a look from under frowning eyebrows - all this betrays a criminal.

(Lenka Panteleev)

Why was Lobrozo so fascinated by the appearance of the criminal?! To answer this question, let us turn to the youth of the future psychiatrist. Lombroso graduated from several prestigious European universities.

And at the age of nineteen he began to publish his first articles. A little later, Lombroso moved from writing scientific articles to practice: he began working as a military surgeon, was a member of the campaign to combat crime.

Then he became interested in what the criminal looks like. He invented the craniograph device and with the help of it measured the shape of the skull, parts of the face. At the same time, he identified four types of criminal: crooks, murderers, rapists and thieves. And for each type he made a description of appearance.

Then Lomrozo worked as the head of a psychiatric hospital, head of the department of psychiatry at a well-known university. It was Lombroso who invented the now famous lie detector all over the world. It was he who proposed to judge by pressure surges how truthfully a person answers.

Lombrose caused a wild stir around his theory about the appearance of the criminal, about his genes. There was a lot of criticism, they did not agree with him. Critics said that the psychiatrist pays too much attention to the appearance of a person and does not take into account the social component at all. True, in his old age he made some corrections to his theory and said that after all, only forty percent of criminals are completely incorrigible, and sixty percent are amenable to re-education.

The methods of the Jew Lombroso - in particular, the measurement of the human skull - were adopted by the Nazis, who tried to fit the postulates of their criminal theory of racial exclusivity under a scientific basis. And although Lombroso himself had died long before this, this fact formed a noticeable stain on his theory.

Lombroso Cesare(Cesare Lombroso) (1835 - 1909) - the famous Italian forensic psychiatrist and criminologist. He created a new criminal-anthropological direction in the science of criminal law. He made a great contribution to the development of legal psychology.

Cesare Lombroso was born on November 6, 1835 in Verona, into a wealthy Jewish family. Coming from a family of wealthy landowners, Lombroso studied Semitic and Chinese in his youth. However, a quiet career did not work out. Material deprivation, imprisonment in a fortress on suspicion of conspiracy, participation in hostilities in 1859-1860. aroused in the young man an interest in a completely different area - he became interested in psychiatry. At the age of 19, while studying at the Medical Faculty of the University of Pavia, Lombroso published his first articles on psychiatry - on the problem of cretinism, which attracted the attention of specialists. Independently mastered such disciplines as ethnolinguistics, social hygiene. In 1862 he was already a professor of mental illness, then director of a mental illness clinic, professor of legal psychiatry and criminal anthropology. In 1896, Lombroso received the chair of psychiatry at the University of Turin. The decisive role in the intellectual formation of Lombroso was played by the philosophy of positivism, which affirmed the priority of scientific knowledge obtained experimentally.

Lombroso is the founder of the anthropological trend in criminology and criminal law. The main features of this direction are as follows: the method of natural science - experience and observation - should be introduced into criminology, and the personality of the criminal should become the center of study.

He undertook his first anthropometric studies in the early 1860s, when he was a military doctor and took part in a campaign to combat banditry in the southern regions of Italy. The extensive statistical material collected by Lombroso served as an important contribution to the development of social hygiene, criminal anthropology, and, in the short term, the sociology of crime. As a result of generalizing the empirical data obtained, Lombroso concluded that the backward socio-economic conditions of life in southern Italy led to the reproduction there of an anatomically and mentally abnormal type of people, an anthropological variety that found its expression in a criminal personality - a "criminal man". Such an anomaly was revealed by anthropometric and psychiatric examination, which opened up opportunities for predictive assessments of the dynamics of the development of crime. These conceptual approaches of Lombroso posed the problem of the responsibility of the society that reproduced crime, thereby challenging the positions of official criminology, which placed responsibility solely on the person who broke the law.

Cesare Lombroso was one of the first to undertake a systematic study of criminals, relying on strictly recorded anthropometric data, which he determined with the help of a "craniograph" - a device for measuring the size of parts of the face and head. He published the results in the book Anthropometry of 400 Offenders (1872).

He owns the theory of the so-called "born criminal", according to which criminals are not made, but born. Lombroso declared crime to be a natural phenomenon, like birth or death. Comparing the anthropometric data of criminals with careful comparative studies of their pathological anatomy, physiology and psychology, Lombroso put forward the thesis about the criminal as a special anthropological type, which he then developed into an integral theory (“Criminal Man”, 1876). He came to the conclusion that the criminal is a degenerate, lagging behind in his development from the development of mankind. He cannot slow down his criminal behavior, so the best strategy for society in relation to such a "born criminal" is to get rid of him, depriving him of his liberty or life.

According to Lombroso, the "criminal type" is distinguished by a number of innate features of an atavistic nature, indicating a lag in development and criminal inclinations. The scientist developed a system of physical signs (“stigmata”) and mental traits of this type, which, in his opinion, characterize a person endowed with criminal inclinations from birth. The scientist considered the main features of such a personality to be a flattened nose, a low forehead, large jaws, a frowning look, etc., which, in his opinion, are characteristic of "primitive man and animals." The presence of these signs allows you to identify a potential criminal even before he commits a crime. In view of this, Lombroso spoke in favor of involving doctors, anthropologists and sociologists in the number of judges and demanded that the question of guilt be replaced by the question of social harm.

Now such measurements are carried out in most countries of the world, and not only for the army and special services: knowledge of anthropometry is necessary, for example, to study labor markets and design purely civilian objects and things.

As for the "look from under the brows", then Cesare Lombroso was mistaken, considering it to be inherent mainly in criminals and degenerates. In fact, this is one of the most ancient and simple mimic reactions, equally accessible to many people in the appropriate environment.

The main drawback of this theory of Lombroso was that it ignored the social factors of crime.

The rapid and widespread dissemination of Lombroso's theory, and especially the extreme conclusions that were often drawn from it, caused sharp and conclusive criticism. Lombroso had to soften his position. In later writings, he refers to the innate anthropological type only 40% of criminals, whom he calls "savages living in a civilized society." Lombroso recognizes the important role of non-hereditary - psychopathological and sociological causes of crime. This gave grounds to call Lombroso's theory biosociological.

At the end of the XIX century. at international congresses on criminal anthropology, the theory of anthropological crime was generally recognized as erroneous. Opponents of Lombroso were based on the fact that crime is a conditional legal concept that changes its content depending on conditions, place and time.

Despite this, Lombroso's ideas laid the foundation for various biosocial theories in criminology, which have partly found application in criminological practice. They influenced the creation of the morphological theory of temperament by E. Kretschmer.

Lombroso also owns the work "Genius and insanity" (1895). In it, the scientist put forward the thesis that genius corresponds to abnormal brain activity, bordering on epileptoid psychosis. The author wrote that the similarity of people of genius with the physiologically crazy is simply amazing. They react in the same way to atmospheric phenomena, and racial affiliation and heredity equally affect their birth. Many geniuses suffered from insanity: Ampère, Comte, Schumann, Tasso, Cardano, Swift, Newton, Rousseau, Schopenhauer, a number of artists and artists. On the other hand, many examples of geniuses, poets, humorists, etc. can be cited among the madmen. In the appendix to his book, Lombroso cited samples of the literary works of madmen, graphomaniac criminals, and also described skull anomalies in great people.

The most valuable part of the scientific heritage of Lombroso is research on the sociology of political crime - Political crime and revolution (Il delitto politico e le rivoluzioni, 1890), Anarchists. Criminal-psychological and sociological essay (Gli anarchici. Studio di psicologia e sociologia criminale, 1895). The phenomenon of political crime common in Italy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in the form of anarchist terrorism, Lombroso studied from the point of view of the individual consciousness of a political criminal - a person sacrificially devoted to the utopian ideal of social justice. Lombroso convincingly explained the nature of this social behavior, driven by the ideas of political vandalism, by the crisis of parliamentary democracy in Italy, the corruption of politicians, and the depreciation of the ideals of social justice.

Other famous works of Lombroso were books about love among the mentally ill ("Love among the lunatics"), about crime among women ("Woman-criminal and prostitute").

Cesare Lombroso was the first in the world to use the achievements of physiology to detect deception. In the 1980s, he began taking the pulse and blood pressure of suspects during their interrogation by investigators. He claimed that he could easily tell when suspects were lying. The results of his research showed that the control of a person's physiological reactions can lead not only to revealing the information he is hiding, but also, which is no less important, to help establish the suspect's innocence.

In 1895, Lombroso first published the results of the use of primitive laboratory instruments in the interrogation of criminals. In one of the cases he described, a forensic scientist, examining a suspect in the murder of a man with the help of a "plethysmograph", recorded slight changes in his pulse when he did mathematical calculations in his mind, and did not find "any sudden changes" in him when the suspect was shown images of injured children, including a photo of the murdered girl. Lombroso concluded that the suspect was not involved in the murder, and the results of the investigation convincingly proved the correctness of the forensic scientist. The described case was, apparently, the first example of the use of a "lie detector" recorded in the literature, which ended in an acquittal result. This meant that the control of a person's physiological reactions could lead not only to revealing the information he was hiding, but - no less important - to help establish the suspect's innocence.

The criminological ideas of Lombroso gained wide popularity in Russia. They are represented by numerous both lifetime and posthumous Russian editions of his scientific works. In 1897, Lombroso, who participated in the congress of Russian doctors, was given an enthusiastic reception in Russia. In his memoirs dedicated to the Russian episode of his biography, Lombroso reflected a sharply negative vision of the social order of Russia, typical of the Italian left of his day, which he severely condemned for police arbitrariness (“suppression of thought, conscience and character of the individual”) and authoritarian methods of exercising power.

In the Soviet period, the term "Lombrosianism" was widely used to refer to the anthropological school of criminal law - one of the trends in the bourgeois theory of law (according to the criteria of the class approach). Lombroso's doctrine of a born criminal was especially criticized. According to Soviet lawyers, it contradicted the principle of legality in the fight against crime, had an anti-people and reactionary orientation, since it condemned the revolutionary actions of the exploited masses. With such a deliberately biased, ideological approach, Lombroso's merits in the study of the root causes of extremist, protest forms of social struggle, which found expression in political terrorism, and, more generally, in political crime, were ignored.

Despite fair criticism and the fallacy of some of the provisions of his theory, Cesare Lombroso is an outstanding scientist who became one of the pioneers in introducing objective methods into legal science. His works played an important role in the development of criminology and legal psychology.

Main works in the field of legal psychology (in Russian):

Anarchists. Criminal-psychological and sociological essay, 1895;

Woman criminal and prostitute, 1902;

Political crime and revolution in relation to law, criminal anthropology and state science, 1906;

A crime. The latest advances in the science of the criminal, 1892;

The criminal man, studied on the basis of anthropology, forensic medicine and prison science, 1876;

The Psychology of Evidence in Litigation, 1905.

Cesare Lombroso is an Italian psychiatrist and criminologist. He is the founder of criminal (criminal) anthropology, he is often called the father of criminology. He believed that crime is a biological phenomenon, not a social one. Born November 6, 1835, died October 19, 1909.

Biography

Cesare was born in Verona to a wealthy family. At first he studied linguistics, archeology, and literature at various universities, but soon changed his plans and in 1859 began working as a military surgeon. In 1866 the doctor became a visiting lecturer in Pavia, and in 1871 he became the head of a psychiatric hospital in Pesaro. In 1876, Lombroso received the title of professor of forensic hygiene and medicine at the University of Turin. At the same time, the scientist wrote his most influential and important work - "Criminal Man" (it. "L'Uomo delinquente"), which was translated into other European languages ​​​​and reprinted several times.

Theory of Cesare Lombroso

According to Lombroso's theory of the nature of crime, criminals differ from ordinary people by the presence of some physical anomalies. famous doctor suggested that criminals "reverted" to a primitive type ancient man characterized by specific physical and mental characteristics. The behavior of such persons will inevitably come into conflict with the expectations and rules of a modern civilized society. Over the years of anthropometric research and post-mortem examinations of criminals, healthy and mentally ill people, Cesare Lombroso came to the conclusion that the so-called. A “born criminal” is characterized, in particular, by such features as a sloping forehead, unusual ear size, asymmetry of the face and skull structure, very long arms, prognathism (strong protrusion of the jaw, and there is no chin protrusion on the lower jaw), etc. Such features are the result of atavism - the appearance in an individual of signs characteristic of very distant ancestors.

Each criminal (thief, rapist or murderer), according to the teachings of Lombroso, can be distinguished by certain characteristics. For example, thieves are characterized by small and wandering eyes, long fingers, and a sparse beard; for killers - a large jaw and teeth, a large, often curved nose, long teeth; for rapists - a feminine physique and behavior, a hoarse or high voice, large jaws.

The Italian doctor also claimed that criminals have less sensitivity to touch and pain, sharper vision; lack of remorse and moral sense. They are impulsive, vain, cruel individuals; use criminal slang and overuse tattoos. In addition, Cesare believed that patients with epilepsy commit crimes more often than healthy individuals.

He studied Lombroso and female crime, as well as the attitude of women towards prostitution and love. He believed that for women, the key instinct is reproduction.

Followers and influence

Lombroso became the founder of the anthropological trend in criminology and criminal law. He and his followers (Rafael Garofalo, Enrico Ferri) intended to apply the most severe sanctions to congenital criminals - castration, sterilization, the death penalty, which should replace the measures applied by the judiciary. Anthropologists did not recognize the main institutions of criminal law, they proposed to abolish the courts and create administrative commissions designed to detect the features of a “criminal person” in offenders and decide on appropriate security measures.

Criticism

A significant part of the criticism of the theory of Cesare Lombroso is associated with the attempts of this school to give a racist interpretation of the causes of crime, to justify the existence of "inferior" nationalities and races that are allegedly predisposed to committing certain or all crimes.
Lombroso's notions of physical differentiation between criminals and "non-criminals" have been heavily challenged by the British scientist Charles Goring, who has done extensive research and found little statistical difference. In the USSR, Lombrosianism was declared a pseudo-scientific theory serving the interests of the reactionary bourgeoisie and the imperialists. Some non-Marxist jurists have also criticized Lombrosianism for being anti-democratic and disregarding human rights.

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Italian psychiatrist and forensic physician, founder of the anthropological school in criminal law and the corresponding direction in criminology, often called. "Lombrosianism".

Based on my observations of individual prisoners, as well as comparing the anthropometric data of groups of prisoners with groups of soldiers, firefighters, students, etc..

L. stated in this book that he discovered the type of "born criminal", which is easy to detect by certain physical signs ("stigmata"):

primarily in the shape of the skull, in facial features. wrinkles, etc. According to L., these "born criminals" are so significantly different from ordinary citizens both in the indicated "stigmata" and in a number of psychological properties (for example, in some of them L. noted amazing insensitivity to pain), which in essence represent a special a race, a breed of people, each of whom is predestined from birth to turn into a dangerous criminal. The publication of the book "Criminal Man", soon translated into French and other languages, caused a great resonance. L. had a lot of enthusiastic admirers. Some of them sought to develop his concepts, looking for new "stigmata", but the number of his resolute opponents grew even faster, proving, first of all, that L.'s conclusions were based on random and unverified observations, and sometimes on rigged survey results and, on the whole, were deprived of how much any solid factual evidence. Throughout his life, under the influence of criticism from not only opponents, but also supporters of his theory. L. more than once "corrected" his views (in particular, in several revised editions of "Criminal Man" and published on French book "Crime, its causes and methods of dealing with it" (1899)), without refusing, however, from. some of the most important theses.

At the same time, L. allowed the existence. along with "born" and "mentally ill" criminals, and all sorts of "accidental" criminals. and also recognized the need to take into account the impact on crime of such social factors as poverty, illiteracy, alcoholism.

The researcher is not limited to identifying the common features of a criminal person. He creates a typology - each type of criminal corresponds only to his characteristic features. The killers. In the type of murderers, the anatomical features of the criminal are clearly visible, in particular, a very sharp frontal sinus, very voluminous cheekbones, huge eye orbits, and a protruding quadrangular chin. These most dangerous criminals are dominated by the curvature of the head, the width of the head is greater than its height, the face is narrow (the back semicircle of the head is more developed than the front), most often their hair is black, curly, the beard is rare, there is often a goiter and short hands. TO characteristic features killers also include a cold and motionless (glassy) look, bloodshot eyes, a bent down (aquiline) nose, excessively large or, conversely, too small earlobes, thin lips, and sharply prominent fangs. The thieves. Thieves have elongated heads, black hair and a sparse beard, mental development is higher than that of other criminals, with the exception of swindlers. Ravens predominantly have a straight nose, often concave, upturned at the base, short, wide, flattened and in many cases deviated to the side.

The eyes and hands are mobile (the thief avoids meeting the interlocutor with a direct look - shifty eyes). Rapists. The rapists have bulging eyes, a delicate face, huge lips and eyelashes, flattened noses of moderate size, deviated to the side, most of them are lean and rickety blondes. Fraudsters. Fraudsters often have a good-natured appearance, their face is pale, their eyes are small, severe, their nose is crooked, their head is bald. Lombroso was able to identify the features of the handwriting of various types of criminals. The handwriting of murderers, robbers and robbers is distinguished by elongated letters, curvilinear and definite features in the endings of letters. The handwriting of thieves is characterized by extended letters, without sharp outlines and curvilinear endings.

Physiognomy and phrenology became the forerunners of criminal anthropology, a doctrine often associated with the work of the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso and his students. Lombroso believed that criminals are characterized by anomalies of the internal and external anatomical structure, characteristic of primitive people and great apes.

Lombroso is the author of the idea of ​​a "born criminal". According to Lombroso, the criminal is a special natural type. Whether a person becomes a criminal or not depends only on an innate predisposition, and each type of crime has its own anomalies in physiology, psychology and anatomical structure.

Lombroso singled out the following main features inherent in born criminals

Unusually small or large stature - Small head and large face - Low and sloping forehead - Lack of a clear hairline - Wrinkles on the forehead and face - Large nostrils or bumpy face - Large, protruding ears - Protrusions on the skull, especially in the "center of destruction" » above the left ear, on the back of the head and around the ears - High cheekbones - Lush eyebrows and large eye sockets with deep-set eyes - Crooked or flat nose - Protruding jaw - Fleshy lower and thin upper lip - Pronounced incisors and generally abnormal lips - Small chin - Thin neck, sloping shoulders with a wide chest - Long arms, thin fingers - Tattoos on the body.

Lombroso singled out insane criminals and criminals by passion. Lombroso also studied the influence of gender on crime. In The Woman, the Criminal and the Prostitute, he expressed the opinion that criminals are superior in cruelty to male criminals.

However, the signs proposed by Lombroso did not stand the test of practice. His critics pointed out that similar features exist in law-abiding individuals, and there is no statistical difference in their frequency of occurrence. Comparative studies have been carried out on prisoners, students, military personnel and college teachers. No statistically significant differences could be found between them.

In view of this, in the later works of Lombroso himself and his students, in addition to criminals who commit crimes due to a biological predisposition, there are also those who can violate the law under the influence of life circumstances (accidental criminals)