King of England, reigned 1066-1087. Founder of the Norman dynasty J.: d. 1056 Matilda, daughter of Count Baldwin of Flanders (d. 1083). Genus. 1027, d. 10 Sep. 1087 William's father, Duke Robert of Normandy, was nicknamed for... ... All the monarchs of the world
HENRY VIII, King of England- King of England from the Tudor family, who reigned in 1509-1547. Son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. J.: 1) from 1509 Catherine, daughter of Ferdinand V, King of Spain (b. 1485, d. 1536); 2) from 1533 Anne Boleyn (b. 1501, d. 1536); 3) with… … All the monarchs of the world
JOHN THE LESS, King of England- King of England from the Plantagenet family, who reigned in 1199-1216. Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. J.: 1) from 1189 Isabella, daughter of Earl William of Gloucester (d. 1217); 2) from 1200 Isabella Taillefer, daughter of Count of Angoulême Eimard (d... All the monarchs of the world
HENRY II, King of England- King of England from the Plaitagenet family, who reigned in 1174-1189. J.: from 1152 Eleanor, daughter of Duke William VIII of Aquitaine (b. 1122, d. 1204). Genus. 1133, d. 6 July 1189 Henry was born in Mans; he was the son of an English... ... All the monarchs of the world
HENRY III, King of England- King of England from the Plantagenet family. reigned and 1216 1272 Son of John the Landless and Isabella of Angoulême. J.: from 1236 Eleanor, daughter of the Duke of Provence Raymond Berengaria V (born 1222 (?), died 1291). Genus. 1207, d. November 20… All the monarchs of the world
WILLIAM III, King of England- King of England and Scotland in 1689 1702 J.: from 1677 Mary, daughter of King James II of England (b. 1662, d. 1694). Genus. 1650, d. On March 8, 1702, William belonged to the glorious and famous House of Orange in Holland. Holland was... All the monarchs of the world
EDWARD II PLANTAGENET, King of England- King of England from the Plantagenet family, who reigned in 1307-1327. Son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile. J.: from 1308 Isabella, daughter of King Philip IV of France (b. 1292, d. 1358). Genus. 1284, d. 27 Sept. 1327 Edward ascended the throne... ... All the monarchs of the world
JAMES II, King of England and Scotland- King of England and Scotland from the Stuart dynasty, who reigned in 1685-1688. Son of Charles I and Henrietta of France. J.: 1) from 1659 Anna Gade (b. 1638, d. 1705); 2) from 1673 Maria d Egta, daughter of the Duke of Modena Alfonso IV (b. 1658, ... ... All the monarchs of the world
EDWARD I PLANTAGENET, King of England- King of England from the Plantagenet family, who reigned in 1272-1307. Son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. J.: 1) from 1254 Eleanor, daughter of King Ferdinand III of Castile (b. 1244, d. 1290); 2) from 1299 Margaret, daughter of King Philip of France... ... All the monarchs of the world
EDWARD IV PLANTAGENET, King of England- King of England from the Plantagenet family, who reigned in 1461-1470, 1471-1483. J.: from 1464 Elizabeth Woodville (b. 1437, d. 1492). Genus. 1442, d. Apr 9 1483 Edward, Earl of March, belonged to the York Plantagenet line. He was still... All the monarchs of the world
Books
- John, King of England. The most insidious monarch of Europe, Appleby John T.. John T. Appleby, the author of a number of biographies of English kings of the 11th-13th centuries, on the pages of his book recreates the era of the reign of John the Landless - the son of the great Henry II and brother of Richard... Buy for 462 rubles
- John King of England The most insidious monarch of medieval Europe, J. Appleby. John T. Appleby, the author of a number of biographies of English kings of the 11th-13th centuries, on the pages of his book recreates the era of the reign of John the Landless - the son of the great Henry II and brother of Richard...
When it was invaded by the troops of Julius Caesar, it was inhabited by Celtic tribes who called themselves Britons. As a result of the invasion, the entire southern part of the island became part of the Roman Empire. The entire territory that is now modern England and Wales was called Roman Britain. Further, the history of England is already connected with the Germanic tribes. In the 5th century AD it collapsed, and then the Britons turned to the barbarian Germans to protect them from the invasions of Celtic tribes from the north - the Scots and Picts.
The Germanic tribes that arrived consisted of three groups: Saxons, Angles and Jutes. The Germans quickly mastered the territory of the Britons and gradually began to push them into the territory of Wales and Cornwall. Separate kingdoms gradually formed on the lands occupied by Germanic newcomers. Subsequently, these kingdoms formed a union of seven kingdoms, which was called the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. One of the seven Anglo-Saxon kings gained control of mostly territory of England. This king was called “Britvalda”, which in translation is close in meaning to the name “Ruler of Britain”.
This went on for quite some time, so the history of England cannot accurately determine the date when the final unification of the state took place. Some historians believe that unification came at a time when the Danish Vikings conquered the eastern part of England during their invasion, forcing all the English kingdoms to join forces for defense. The first king of all England is often called King Egbert of Wessex, who died in 839. However, the history of England suggests that the title "King of England" arose only two generations later - during the period when Alfred the Great ruled the islands (871-899).
Some historians make their calculations, paying attention to the wars of England. For example, the rulers of the state are counted from the Norman conquest in 1066. This date is commonly used when numbering English monarchs as the zero point. For example, Edward I, who was crowned in the 13th century, was not actually the first king to bear this name, but he was the first Edward, if you count from 1066. In this year, the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, captured England and became king, thereby founding the Anglo-Norman dynasty. However, William the Conqueror is not the founder of England and he did not unite the country, he only captured the already existing England, introducing Franco-Norman rule in it.
Then a dynasty called the Plantagenets (1154-1485) came to power. At this time, the history of England was marked by the longest Hundred Years' War with France (1337-1453). From 1485 to 1603, England was ruled by the Tudor dynasty. This was the era of centralized power and the strengthening of English absolutism, the period of the Reformation. The Tudor dynasty ended with a reign that established the Anglican Church. In 1603, the Stuart dynasty, which was a dynasty of Scottish and English kings, came to power in England. I succeeded Elizabeth I on the throne. This period of reign was marked by a civil war, which arose as a result of the revolutionary crisis, which was led by
Despite the fact that the Stuart dynasty was subsequently restored, the Hanoverians came to power in 1714. During their reign, the English army won a victory on June 18, 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo over Napoleon's troops. From 1837 to 1901, the reign passed to Queen Victoria. This period is rightfully considered the peak of Britain's prosperity. Since 1917, the Windsor dynasty has become the ruling dynasty in the kingdom.
Kings and Queens of England. Middle AgesOriginal: http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/spbmaks/post181735327/
Britain is the general name of the territory
England, Scotland and Wales (British Isles, Western Europe).
407 Britain ceased to be a Roman province.
449 Beginning of the conquest of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons.
End of V—VII centuries. The conquest of almost all of England by the Anglo-Saxons, the formation of several independent kingdoms.
829 Unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms into a single kingdom of England with its capital in London.
871–900 Reign of Alfred the Great
King of Wessex, the most powerful of the British kingdoms, located in the southwest of England. He defended the country from the Danish invasion, founded the first English fleet, compiled the first general English code of laws, contributed to education, initiating the translation of many works from Latin (he made several translations himself).
1040–1057 Reign of the Scottish King Macbeth
Who came to power by killing his predecessor Duncan I. He died in the fight with Duncan's son Malcolm. King of Scotland, character from Shakespeare's tragedy
? — August 15, 1057
Macbeth, a Scottish king from the Moray dynasty Mac Bethad mac Findleich, became famous thanks to Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name. He was born in 1005 and ascended the throne in 1040.
The life and reign of the historical Macbeth is the direct opposite of the reign of the hero of Shakespeare's play. Scientists, having studied in detail the circumstances of the life of the Scottish king, proved that he completely unfairly, solely by the will of the playwright, became a symbol of misfortune. And the role of the king’s wife, “Lady Macbeth,” in history was not at all so sinister.
The real Macbeth peacefully ruled a prosperous country, spread Christianity, and the years of his reign were called by his descendants a “fertile period.”
1042–1066 Reign of Edward the Confessor
King of England. He relied on the Norman feudal lords, which caused an uprising of the Anglo-Saxon nobility, supported by the peasants (1051). Since 1053 he has actually been removed from management.
Edward the Confessor; OK. 1003 - 5 January 1066) - the penultimate Anglo-Saxon king of England (from 1042) and the last representative of the Wessex dynasty on the English throne. His reign was marked by the weakening of royal power in the country and the omnipotence of the magnates, as well as the disintegration of Anglo-Saxon society and the weakening of the state's defense capabilities. These factors, coupled with the king's focus on Normandy, made it easier for William the Conqueror to subjugate England soon after Edward's death in 1066. Edward the Confessor great value devoted to the promotion of Christian virtues and asceticism, for which he was later canonized and is currently revered as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church, and also as a locally revered saint by the Sourozh diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1066–1087 Reign of William I
Conqueror. From 1035 - Duke of Normandy. In 1066 he landed in England and, having defeated the army of the Anglo-Saxon king Harold II at Hastings, became the ruler of the state. Established direct vassal dependence of all feudal lords on the king. In 1086 he conducted a land census.
William I the Conqueror (William of Normandy or William the Illegitimate; English William I the Conqueror, William the Bastard, French Guillaume le Conquérant, Guillaume le Bâtard; circa 1027/1028 - September 9, 1087) - Duke of Normandy (as William II; from 1035 year) and king of England (from 1066), organizer and leader of the Norman conquest of England, one of the largest political figures in Europe in the 11th century.
1100–1135 Reign of Henry I
Strengthening the system public administration in England; The permanent royal council began to play a significant role.
Henry I, nicknamed Beauclerc (English Henry I Beauclerc; September 1068, Selby, Yorkshire, England - December 1, 1135, Lyons-la-Forêt, Normandy) - the youngest son of William the Conqueror, King of England (1100-1135) and Duke of Normandy (1106-1135). According to legend, Henry I was distinguished by his learning, for which he received his nickname (French Beauclerc - well educated). The reign of Henry I was marked by the restoration of the unity of the Anglo-Norman monarchy after the victory over Robert Curthose in 1106, as well as a series of administrative and financial reforms that formed the basis state system England of the High Middle Ages. In particular, the Chamber was created chessboard, a tradition arose of the English monarchs approving liberties charters, local administration and the judicial system were streamlined. The marriage of Henry I with Matilda of Scotland, a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon kings, became an important milestone towards the rapprochement of the Norman aristocracy and the Anglo-Saxon population of the country, which later led to the formation of the English nation. Henry I left no legitimate male heirs, and after his death a long civil war began in England between his daughter Matilda and nephew Stephen.
1154–1189 Reign of Henry II
(Henry of Anjou), first of the Plantagenet dynasty. He also owned extensive possessions in France. He carried out civil and military reforms that strengthened royal power in England. Jury trials were introduced into his reign. Henry II defeated the Irish clan leaders and began the conquest of Ireland (1169–1171).
Henry II Plantagenet (Henry of Anjou) (1133-1189), English king from 1154, first of the Plantagenet dynasty. He also owned extensive possessions in France. Carried out reforms that strengthened royal power.
Henry II Plantagenet (Henry II) (Henry of Anjou, Henry of Anjou; Henry the Short Mantle, Henry Curtmantle) (1133, Le Mans, Normandy - July 6, 1189, near Tours, France), king of England (1154-1189), Duke of Normandy from 1150, Count of Anjou from 1151, Duke of Aquitaine from 1152; significantly expanded England's possessions in France and strengthened the royal administration in England.
The son of Matilda, daughter of Henry I, and Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, Henry II received a good education, partly in England, partly on the Continent. In addition to Normandy, received from his grandfather, and Anjou, from his father, he also began to own Aquitaine, having married in 1152 Eleanor (Eleanor) of Aquitaine (who had separated from the French king Louis VII six weeks earlier). Through the efforts of his mother, Henry regained his legal right to the English throne after the death of the usurper Stephen in 1154 and thus became the ruler of one of the largest European powers. Of the 34 years of his reign, he spent only 14 in England, like other English kings before John the Landless, who regarded the island possessions as secondary. During the reign of Henry II, English possessions on the island itself increased - Wales and Ireland actually became part of the kingdom, and Scotland was dependent on it.
1189–1199 Reign of Richard I the Lionheart
Most of spent his life outside England, fighting against the French king and against the Muslims. Returning from the Third Crusade, he was captured by the German Emperor Henry VI. You were bought thanks to a tax increase (1194).
1199–1216 Reign of John the Landless
In 1202-1204 he lost a significant part of the English possessions in France. Under pressure from the barons, supported by knighthood and cities, he signed the Magna Carta in 1215.
John (John) the Landless (English John Lackland; December 24, 1167, Oxford - October 19, 1216, Newark) - King of England (from 1199) and Duke of Aquitaine from the Plantagenet dynasty, the youngest (fifth) son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Madame Tussauds Gallery
His reign is considered one of the most disastrous in the entire history of England - it began with the conquest of Normandy by the French king Philip II Augustus and ended with a civil war that almost overthrew him from the throne (for his defeats he received another nickname, "Soft Sword", Softsword). In 1213, he recognized England as a vassal of the Pope to end the discord with the Catholic Church, and in 1215, rebel barons forced him to sign the Magna Carta, for which John became best known.
Some historians believe that John's reign was no better or worse than the reigns of Richard I and Henry III. However, John's reputation is such that since then no English monarch has named his heirs by this name (it later began to be considered unlucky also in the ruling dynasties of Scotland and France)
1216–1272 Reign of Henry III
Reliance on foreign feudal lords and an alliance with the Roman Curia caused discontent among the barons, supported by the townspeople and the top of the peasantry (civil war 1263-1267). In 1265 the first English parliament was created.
Son of John the Landless; ascended the throne at the age of 9. His father's death stopped the civil war; the barons, who sought to overthrow John, who had violated the Magna Carta that had just been given to him, and who were ready to call the French prince to the throne as soon as John died, willingly swore allegiance to his young son.
However, having matured and become the sole sovereign, Henry leaned toward an authoritarian style of government; he appointed Frenchmen, courtiers of his wife, Eleanor of Provence, to high positions in the state, was not responsible to parliament, distributed large number state property to temporary workers.
The growth of the cult of the holy king Edward the Confessor dates back to his time; Henry founded a number of churches and monasteries in his memory. He was known for his stinginess.
After a conflict with the barons and Pope Alexander IV in the 1250s, Henry, like his father, was forced to swear an agreement with the barons on the regular convening of parliaments (Oxford Provisions, 1258), as well as once again confirm the Great Charter. However, the pope released him from this oath (bull of April 13, 1261), and the civil war began. The armies of the barons, under the command of Simon de Montfort, defeated the army of Henry and his son at Lewes; father and son were captured and kept under house arrest, while Montfort ruled England as a dictator and sent his representatives to all cities.
In 1269, the sumptuous tomb of Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey was completed; the body of Henry himself, who died in 1272, temporarily rested in the same tomb while his own was being built nearby.
1272–1307 Reign of Edward I
Under him, the practice of convening parliament was finally established, Wales was annexed (1277-1284), and unsuccessful wars were fought against Scotland.
Edward I Longshanks (English: Edward I "Longshanks", June 17, 1239 - July 7, 1307) - King of England in 1272-1307 from the Plantagenet dynasty. He was the fourth king of England with that name (moreover, named after the previous one, Edward the Confessor), later he was given the number I, considering the accession to the throne of William the Conqueror (1066) to be the beginning of the modern English monarchy.
Thus, the three Anglo-Saxon Edwards remained in history without numbers, but with nicknames (Elder, Martyr and Confessor)
Reign of Edward11
I think those who have read Maurice Druon’s novel “The French Wolf” are familiar with this story. We will talk about the unfortunate Edward II (1284-1327), king of England from 1307. His reign occurred during a glorious era for the English kingdom. Edward's father, Edward I, conqueror of Wales and Scotland, prepared the way for future victories in the Hundred Years' War, which lifted England to heights unmatched before or since. These victories, however, were realized already under the successors of Edward II, but our hero is one of the most famous losers not only of his homeland, but of all of medieval Europe. His reign suffered the most offensive defeat in the history of England - at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, inflicted by the Scots of Robert the Bruce. And he almost buried the Plantagenet dynasty, whose rights were encroached upon by one very spirited adventurer.
What is the reason for Edward's weakness? Historians unanimously say: in his homosexuality. Alas, here it seems that they should be trusted, although most often assumptions of this kind are completely unfounded (some unscrupulous authors even accused Richard the Lionheart of this vice!). Edward's first favorite was the Gascon Piers Gaveston, married to the king's niece. In 1312, the antics of the young tyrant and his endless tyranny exhausted the patience of the wayward English barons, led by Earl Thomas of Lancaster. Gaveston was executed, and the weak Edward the next year granted forgiveness to his executioners.
After defeat by the Scots, Edward found solace in the company of Hugh Despenser, who came from a noble English family and was distinguished by charming manners. The king made him Lord Chamberlain and consulted him constantly. Unfortunately for the barons, Hugo had a very smart father, who quickly took the initiative into his own hands. After a series of scandals and troubles, the newly rebelling Lancaster was captured and executed in 1322.
1306–1329 Reign of the Scottish King Robert the Bruce
In 1314 he defeated the English army at Bannockburn. In 1328 he obtained recognition of Scottish independence from England
Robert I Bruce (English Robert the Bruce, Gaelic Roibert a Briuis, July 11, 1274 - June 7, 1329) - King of Scotland (1306-1329), one of the greatest Scottish monarchs, organizer of the country's defense in initial period war of independence against England, founder of the Bruce royal dynasty. The paternal ancestors are of Scots-Norman origin (Brieux, Normandy), and the maternal ancestors are of Franco-Gaelic origin.
1327–1377 Reign of Edward III
Started the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) with France. Issued the first statutes (legislative acts) on workers. Limited the influence of the papacy in England.
Edward III, Edward III (English Edward III) (November 13, 1312 - June 21, 1377) - King of England from 1327 from the Plantagenet dynasty, son of King Edward II and Isabella of France, daughter of King Philip IV of France.
Edward's Coronation
He was born in Windsor, for which he was nicknamed Windsor. He ascended the throne at the age of 15 as a result of a revolt of the barons, led by his mother and Lord Roger Mortimer. After the execution of the former king's main supporters, the Despensers, and the imprisonment of the king himself, Parliament chose the younger Edward from the two.
At the instigation of the French defector Robert d'Artois, Edward III began the Hundred Years' War for the French throne, the rights to which he received through his mother Isabella.
He issued the first labor statutes and legalized the practice of convening parliament. Actively promoted the use English language in the work of parliament and courts. Edward III married in 1328 Philippe de Avens (c. 1314–1369), daughter of William I the Good, Count of Hainaut, and Joan of Valois, sister of the French king Philip VI. From this marriage Edward had 12 children. He died at Sheen Palace in Richmond and was buried in Westminster Abbey in London. Since his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, died during his father's lifetime, Edward III was succeeded by his 10-year-old grandson, the Black Prince's son Richard II.
Edward the Third established the Order of the Garter.
Reign of Edward IV (r. 1461-1483)
Although Edward claimed the throne as the rightful heir of Edward III, calling the previous 60 years of rule a usurpation of the throne, de facto it was a coup approved by the nobility, Parliament and London, who were tired of misrule and were suspicious of the methods of attracting allies, to which Margaret resorted to: she gave the Berwick fortress to the Scots, sold the islands in the English Channel to the French, was ready to mortgage Calais and robbed her own country.
A few years later, resistance on the Scottish border was crushed and Edward IV concluded a peace treaty with the Scots, which meant that Henry, Margaret and their son could no longer hide there. Margaret and her son fled to France, while Henry wandered the Lake District and Lancashire until he was captured and imprisoned in the Tower in 1466.
Egbert the Great (Anglo-Saxon. Ecgbryht, English Egbert, Eagberht) (769/771 - February 4 or June 839) - king of Wessex (802 - 839). A number of historians consider Egbert to be the first king of England, since for the first time in history he united under the rule of one ruler most of the lands located on the territory of modern England, and the remaining regions recognized him over themselves supreme power. Officially, Egbert did not use such a title and it was first used in his title by King Alfred the Great.
Edward II (English: Edward II, 1284-1327, also called Edward of Caernarfon, after his birthplace in Wales) was an English king (from 1307 until his deposition in January 1327) from the Plantagenet dynasty, son of Edward I.
The first English heir to the throne who bore the title “Prince of Wales” (according to legend, at the request of the Welsh to give them a king who was born in Wales and did not speak English, Edward I showed them his newborn son, who had just been born in his camp) . Having inherited the throne of his father at the age of less than 23, Edward II led very unsuccessfully fighting against Scotland, whose troops were led by Robert the Bruce. The king's popularity was also undermined by his commitment to the people's hated favorites (who were believed to be the king's lovers) - the Gascon Pierre Gaveston, and then the English nobleman Hugh Despenser the Younger. Edward's reign was accompanied by conspiracies and rebellions, the inspiration of which was often the king's wife, Queen Isabella, the daughter of the French king Philip IV the Fair, who fled to France.
Edward III, Edward III (Middle English Edward III) (November 13, 1312 - June 21, 1377) - king of England from 1327 from the Plantegenet dynasty, son of King Edward II and Isabella of France, daughter of King Philip IV the Fair of France .
Richard II (English Richard II, 1367-1400) - English king (1377-1399), representative of the Plantagenet dynasty, grandson of King Edward III, son of Edward the Black Prince.
Richard was born in Bordeaux - his father fought in France on the fields of the Hundred Years' War. When the Black Prince died in 1376, while Edward III was still alive, the young Richard received the title Prince of Wales, and a year later inherited the throne from his grandfather.
Henry IV of Bolingbroke (English: Henry IV of Bolingbroke, April 3, 1367, Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire - March 20, 1413, Westminster) - king of England (1399-1413), founder of the Lancastrian dynasty (junior branch of the Plantagenets).
Henry V (English Henry V) (August 9, according to other sources, September 16, 1387, Monmouth Castle, Monmouthshire, Wales - August 31, 1422, Vincennes (now in Paris), France) - king of England since 1413, from the Lancaster dynasty, one of greatest commanders Hundred Years' War. Defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt (1415). According to the Treaty of Troyes (1420), he became the heir of the French king Charles VI the Mad and received the hand of his daughter Catherine. He continued the war with Charles’s son, the Dauphin (the future Charles VII), who did not recognize the treaty, and died during this war, just two months before Charles VI; if he had lived these two months, he would have become king of France. He died in August 1422, presumably from dysentery.
Henry VI (English Henry VI, French Henri VI) (December 6, 1421, Windsor - May 21 or 22, 1471, London) - the third and last king of England from the Lancaster dynasty (from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471). The only English king who bore the title “King of France” during and after the Hundred Years’ War, who was actually crowned (1431) and reigned over a significant part of France.
Edward IV (April 28, 1442, Rouen - April 9, 1483, London) - king of England in 1461-1470 and 1471-1483, a representative of the York Plantagenet line, seized the throne during the Wars of the Roses.
Eldest son of Richard, Duke of York and Cecilia Neville, brother of Richard III. On his father's death in 1460, he inherited his titles as Earl of Cambridge, March and Ulster and Duke of York. In 1461, at the age of eighteen, he ascended the English throne with the support of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.
Was married to Elizabeth Woodville (1437-1492), children:
Elizabeth (1466-1503), married to King Henry VII of England,
Maria (1467-1482),
Cecilia (1469-1507),
Edward V (1470-1483?),
Richard (1473-1483?),
Anna (1475-1511),
Catherine (1479-1527),
Bridget (1480-1517).
The king was a great lover of women and, in addition to his official wife, was secretly engaged to one or more women, which later allowed the royal council to declare his son Edward V illegitimate and, together with his other son, imprison him in the Tower.
Edward IV died unexpectedly on April 9, 1483.
Edward V (November 4, 1470(14701104)-1483?) - King of England from April 9 to June 25, 1483, son of Edward IV; not crowned. Deposed by his uncle the Duke of Gloucester, who declared the king and his younger brother Duke Richard of York illegitimate children, and himself became King Richard III. A 12-year-old and a 10-year-old boy were imprisoned in the Tower; their further fate is precisely unknown. The most common point of view is that they were killed on the orders of Richard (this version was official under the Tudors), but various researchers accuse many other figures of that time, including Richard’s successor Henry VII, of the murder of the princes.
Richard III (English: Richard III) (October 2, 1452, Fotheringhay - August 22, 1485, Bosworth) - King of England since 1483, from the York dynasty, the last representative of the Plantagenet male line on the English throne. Brother of Edward IV. He took the throne, removing the young Edward V. At the Battle of Bosworth (1485) he was defeated and killed. One of two kings of England to die in battle (after Harold II, killed at Hastings in 1066).
Henry VII (eng. Henry VII;)
