European industry leads other regions. The main ones in the economy of Foreign Europe are the export of goods and services, industrial and agricultural production, and the development of international tourism.
Prerequisites for economic development
The reason for the development of the above sectors of the economy in Foreign Europe is a number of features that are studied in grade 11 within the framework of the topic of world economy.
- Convenient geographical and economically advantageous position of the continent, namely access to sea routes, which most countries have.
- Sufficient labor availability. Due to its territorial structure, the region is considered densely populated and has large number highly qualified personnel.
- Transport links are at the highest level. It is the European transport interchange that is the world leader in the level of equipment, variety and density of roads.
- Integration between countries plays an important role in development.
19 countries are part of the single European Economic Area (EEC countries). Within its borders there is free movement of people, goods, capital, services, and a unified monetary system has been created. This contributes to the economic development of these countries.
Leading countries in Europe
Table “Economy of Foreign Europe”
| Industry | Countries |
| Mechanical engineering | France, Germany, UK, Sweden, Italy, Belgium, Spain |
| Chemical industry | Germany, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria |
| Metallurgy: B) non-ferrous metallurgy | A) Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Czech Republic, Italy; B) France, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Romania, Norway, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Great Britain, Poland, Belgium |
| Forestry industry | Finland, Sweden |
| Light industry | UK, Belgium, France, Italy, Poland, Portugal |
| A) crop production; B) livestock farming | A) France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria; B) Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway |
In the table “Economy of Foreign Europe”, it is clearly seen that the most powerful countries in economic development are the countries that are part of the “Big Seven”. These are Germany, France, Italy and Great Britain. The leading position in this four is for a long time occupied by Great Britain, but for recent years the baton passed to Germany. 
Fig.1. GDP of Foreign European countries
Also economically highly developed are Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Belgium.
General characteristics
Fig.2-3. Settlement and economy of foreign European countries
Having examined the figure “Settlement and Economy of Foreign Europe”, we can carry out general characteristics industry of the region. As a result, the following emerges:
- Regarding natural resource potential, Europe is not very rich in minerals. Some states have small deposits.
Fig.4. Natural resources of the region
- In terms of economic potential, Europe is a leader. There are a number of reasons for this:
– Complete development of territories;
– Unity of management;
– Leadership in agricultural and industrial production;
– Financial centers are located in European cities - Zurich, London, Frankfurt, Paris.
Main industries
Industry occupies a special place in the development of the region's economy. The main direction is mechanical engineering. It was Europe that became the founder of world mechanical engineering. 1/3 of all world products are produced here and 2/3 of it is exported. The key to this is highly qualified personnel, infrastructure and scientific developments.
The geography of mechanical engineering is characterized by the lack of transport links between countries, since this branch of management is developed in almost all of them.
Chemical industry
This industry also occupies a leading position. Many countries are famous for the production of plastics, synthetic and artificial fibers, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, paints, and varnishes. The chemical industry ranks second after mechanical engineering.
The raw materials for the manufacture of these products are mainly oil and gas. These natural resources are produced in small quantities in our own developments, and are also actively imported from other countries.
Large deposits of oil and gas are found mainly in the North Sea; production is carried out by Great Britain, Norway, and the Netherlands. These energy resources are imported from the countries of the East, Africa, and Russia.
Metallurgy
Ferrous metallurgy is developed where there are all conditions for its development - the availability of raw materials and fuel. Products from Germany, France, Poland, Luxembourg, Great Britain, and Sweden are valued on the market.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is developed not only in the presence of natural resources, but also cheap electricity. The leaders in aluminum smelting are Greece, France, Italy, Hungary, and Norway. Copper is smelted in Poland, France and Germany. Zinc and lead are produced in Germany and Belgium.
Other industries
- Electricity is generated by thermal and nuclear power plants. Hydroelectric power plants are widely developed in Norway and Iceland.
- The timber industry is developed due to the availability of raw materials in Finland and Sweden.
- Light industry is based on cheap labor. For example, Portugal is famous for its clothing factories. The footwear industry is developed in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Italy. German Economy – GDP and Economic Development
The geographical (or spatial) pattern of the economy in Europe differs significantly from other regions of the world. It has two main specific features. Firstly, the development of the territory. There are almost no undeveloped areas in Europe. Secondly, the relatively small territory and high level of economic development determined the economic unity of Europe. It is no coincidence that they often talk about a single economic space of the region from the Atlantic to.
In the process of historical development, the geographical pattern of the European economy changed and became more and more complex. At certain stages of development, different territories were economically dominant: there was a change of leaders in the European economic hierarchy. Over the past two thousand years (AD) there have been several specific periods that have left their mark on the modern spatial pattern of the European economy.
At the beginning of our era the main “center of gravity” of the European economy was concentrated in the south of the region, in the Mediterranean. During the Roman Empire, the main economic centers were concentrated around the Mediterranean Sea. The further from the coast, the less developed the economy was. The economic periphery at that time included such territories as modern England, Germany and Scandinavia.
During the period of early feudalism(V-X centuries) the most economically developed was the Frankish state. Its borders included the territories of many modern countries. The agricultural Frankish state was the first classical feudal formation in Europe. In addition to farming, the Franks were also involved in livestock farming, and pig breeding was especially widespread. At that time, pigs were usually kept in the forest all year round, feeding on pasture.
During the period of developed feudalism(XI-XIV centuries) economic activity again moved to the sea. The development of crafts, and later trade, gave the coastal territories a significant advantage. Unlike the times of the Roman Empire, not only the southern, but also the northern seas were of great importance. In the south, the most powerful were the urban republics of Northern Italy (Genoa, Florence). In the north the most developed and rich were coastal areas Baltic and North seas. The Hanseatic League united most of the trading cities of the Baltic and North Sea.
XV-XVII centuries - the era of late feudalism and Great geographical discoveries. Europe “turned” towards the Atlantic, leaving both the Mediterranean and the Baltic in the “economic shadow”. There was a change of leaders. The countries of the Iberian Peninsula are moving to the European forefront - Spain and Portugal, which are most advanced to the Atlantic. Other leaders - England and the Netherlands, lagging behind the Iberian countries in colonial conquests, are developing their economy - manufacturing, trade, and finance. The influx of gold and silver from the American colonies undermined production in Spain and Portugal.
IN XVIII-XIX centuries. Industrial development occurred primarily in areas well provided with natural and labor resources. In Central European countries and Russia, real industrial areas are being formed, which emerged by the middle of the 19th century. These are the oldest industrial areas in the world (At that time, such large industrial areas of Europe as the Ruhr, Middle England, Silesia, Central Russia, Ural, Donetsk-Dnieper.). It was then that the foundations of the modern geography of the European economy were laid. The main economically important territories are originally industrial areas.
In the first half of the 20th century. There were no major changes in the geography of the economy. The old industrial areas were further strengthened. The main change was associated with the strengthening of the economic potential of the Soviet Union as a result of powerful socialist industrialization. However, this did not cause territorial shifts, since industrialization again covered the old industrial areas. The only exception was the Volga region, where the oil industry and mechanical engineering formed an almost new large region.
Still remained in the “economic shadow” most Eastern Europe, which was assigned the role of a “cordon sanitaire” between Soviet Union and the rest of Europe.
Formation of a group of socialist states in eastern Europe after the second world war and the industrialization of previously backward European cities created a new, fairly large economic center in Europe.
Currently in the European economy highest value have several habitats. They can conditionally be called Western, Central and Eastern European. The main part of the industrial and non-material sphere is concentrated within their borders. This is the modern spatial pattern of the European economy - three areas of economic concentration, two of which are united together with adjacent territories into the so-called “European economic core”.
The European economic pattern can also be seen in the example of economic centers and the main directions of international economic relations. The “center of gravity” of the European economy is located in the west of the region and covers a small part of Europe, forming main European economic axis, stretching from Glasgow to Rome.
Within the boundaries of the European economic core, new economic centers of Europe are being formed, which are called “Eurocities”, since they work for the whole of Europe and their importance has long crossed state borders.
The presentation allows you to study this material in more depth. Contains slides of new, old, depressed areas and areas of new development. The lesson is designed for 11th grade students. Applicable when studying the region "Foreign Europe"
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Geographical pattern of settlement and economy Teacher of geography and biology Gibert I.A. Municipal educational institution "Secondary school" town. Kozhva 2013
CENTRAL AXIS
The most striking examples of highly developed areas that concentrate the latest industries, infrastructure, science, culture, and services are the metropolitan regions of Greater London and Greater Paris. Both London and Paris grew up primarily as the administrative and political centers of their countries, which they have served for more than eight centuries. Both capitals are large industrial centers, in which high-tech, knowledge-intensive industries are widely represented, and in Paris there is also the production of so-called “Parisian products” (sewing, jewelry, etc.), thanks to which it has been acting as a trendsetter for the whole world for several centuries. But even more important is that the largest banks and exchanges, headquarters of monopolies, leading scientific institutions, as well as the residences of many international organizations are concentrated here. In accordance with regional programs, the central parts of both capital regions are being unloaded. Eight satellite cities were built in the vicinity of London, and five satellite cities in the vicinity of Paris.
Greater London
Central London
London WEST END
London WEST END
PADDINGTON
Greater Paris
District DEFENCE
Randstad "ring city"
Randstad Map
Gate of Victory
Old industrial areas
Alsace and Lorraine
New development areas
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1. The “central axis” of development is the main element of the territorial structure of the region.
The territorial structure of the population and economy of foreign Europe mainly took shape back in the 19th century, when natural resources were perhaps the main factor of location and when coal and metallurgical regions of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, and other countries arose. After the Second World War, the greatest influence on this structure was exerted by the factors of labor resources and EGP benefits, and more recently also by the factors of knowledge intensity and environmental factors.
In total, the region has approximately 400 urban agglomerations and about one hundred industrial areas. The most significant of these are located within the “central axis” of development, which extends across eight countries. Its core is the “main street of Europe” - the Rhine-Rhone line. Within the borders of this “wasp” live 120 million people at a density of 300 people per 1 km 2 and 2/3 of the entire economic potential of the region is concentrated, its main industrial areas are located.
In foreign Europe, several more similar “axes” of smaller scale can be identified. This is an industrial-urban belt stretching along common borders Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, the Danube “axis”, strips along the main oil pipelines, some near sea areas.
2. Highly developed areas: examples of London and Paris.
You already know that the most striking examples of highly developed areas that concentrate the latest industries, infrastructure, science, and culture. services sector, serving the metropolitan regions of Greater London and Greater Paris. The geographical concept of “metropolitan region” itself is characterized by a multi-stage structure. In fact, central London is relatively small in area and has a population of 2.5 million people. Greater London is approximately five times larger and is home to 7.6 million people. Greater London with its inner suburban belt forms the London Region with a population of 9.8 million people. If we take into account the outer suburban zone, it will increase to 11.2 million people - this is the London agglomeration. Approximately the same multi-stage scheme can be applied to Paris, in the central part of which 2.2 million live, within the agglomeration within narrow boundaries 5.1 million, within wide boundaries - 11.3 million, and in the Paris metropolitan region - more than 15 million Human.
Both London and Paris grew up primarily as the administrative and political centers of their countries, which they have served for more than eight centuries. (It is symbolic that the coat of arms of Paris depicts a silver boat with the inscription: “It rocks, but it does not sink.”) Both capitals are large industrial centers in which high-tech, knowledge-intensive industries are widely represented, and in Paris there is also the production of the so-called “multiple” Parisian products" (sewing, jewelry, etc.), thanks to which he has been acting as a trendsetter for the whole world for several centuries. But even more important is that the largest banks and exchanges, headquarters of monopolies, leading scientific institutions, as well as residences of international organizations are concentrated here. In accordance with regional programs, the central parts of both capital regions are being unloaded.
Eight satellite cities were built in the vicinity of London, and five satellite cities in the vicinity of Paris.
Examples of other highly developed regions of foreign Europe include: the southern region of Germany with centers in Stuttgart and Munich, the “industrial triangle” of Milan - Turin - Genoa in Italy, the industrial-urban agglomeration of Randstad (“ring city”) in the Netherlands. All of them are within the “central axis” of development.
3. Old industrial areas: the example of the Ruhr.
No other region of the world has such a number of old industrial areas with a predominance of basic industries as in foreign Europe. The largest of them arose on the basis of coal basins. But even among such areas, the Ruhr region especially stands out, which for many decades has been rightfully considered the industrial heart of Germany.
Within the Ruhr basin and adjacent areas, the already mentioned Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration developed.
Here, on an area of 9 thousand km2, 11 million people live and about a hundred cities are concentrated, including 20 large ones. Another such cluster big cities on one territory there is, perhaps, nowhere in the world. In some parts of the agglomeration, the population density reaches 5 thousand people per 1 km 2. Its Ruhr part forms a complex urban area with almost no breaks, which is usually called “Pyrstadt”, i.e. in fact it is truly a single “city of the Ruhr”. A city whose western gate is Duisburg, its eastern gate is Dortmund, its “capital” is Essen, and its main “safe” is Dusseldorf.
Recently, the industry of the Ruhr, numbering several thousand enterprises, has undergone significant reconstruction. In the 50-60s. The Ruhr was considered almost a classic depressed area. But nowadays it would be wrong to put him in this category. A large environmental program has been implemented in the Ruhr region. “Father Rhine,” which not so long ago was called the sewer of Europe, has become cleaner, and fish have appeared in it again.
Examples of other old industrial areas include Lancashire, Yorkshire, the west Midlands, South Wales in the UK, the Northern region, Alsace and Lorraine in France, the Saarland, which is often called the “Little Ruhr”, in Germany, the Upper Silesian region in Poland, Ostrava in the Czech Republic . But most of them fall into the category of depression.
4. Backward agricultural areas: the example of the South of Italy.
In foreign Europe there are still many rather backward, predominantly agricultural regions. A striking example of this kind is the south of Italy, which occupies 40% of the country’s territory, concentrates more than 35% of the population and only 18% of those employed in industry. Per capita income here is almost two times lower than in the North. After World War II, due to relative agrarian overpopulation, more than 5 million people emigrated from the South.
The state conducts regional policy aimed at the rise of the South. It led to the construction of large metallurgical and petrochemical plants and other enterprises here. As a result, the South was no longer a purely agricultural region. However, the factories have almost no connection with the surrounding territory, since they operate on imported raw materials, and their products are exported to other regions of the country and to other countries. It is no coincidence that the Italians themselves call them “cathedrals in the desert.”
Examples of other agricultural regions of Foreign Europe include: the western part of France, the central and southwestern parts of Spain, some areas of Portugal and Greece. All of them are located outside the "central axis". The problem of uplifting backward areas is even more pressing for many countries in Eastern Europe.
5. Areas of new development: the example of the North Sea.
For the long-developed territory of foreign Europe, areas of new development are generally not typical. Usually they included only the northern part of Scandinavia. But the opening in the early 60s. large oil and gas basin in the North Sea changed the situation.
By the mid-90s. More than 450 oil and natural gas fields have been identified in this “golden mine”; the largest of them are Statfjord, Ekofisk and Troll. In addition, in the Netherlands, not far from the coast, there is one of the world's largest gas fields - Slochteren. Oil production is more than 250 million tons, natural gas - 200 billion m. The North Sea region satisfies 1/3 of the needs of foreign Europe for oil and 2/5 of the needs for natural gas. Nowadays the sea is literally packed with drilling platforms; several thousand kilometers of pipelines are laid along its bottom. But in this regard, a considerable environmental threat arises, not to mention fisheries, which have suffered irreparable damage.
6. The influence of international economic integration on the territorial structure of the economy.
Favorable prerequisites for the development of international economic integration in the region include territorial proximity, high development of the territory, high level of socio-economic development, good transport services, long traditions economic ties. During the existence of the EU, all this has already led to the further merging of the territorial economic structures of individual countries, especially within the “central axis” of development. Border integration areas are being formed: between Germany and France, between France and Belgium, France and Italy, etc.
