Already from the first third of the 19th century. In Russian grammars, a number of words were consistently identified, intermediate between names, verbs and expressing a state.
The term “state category” was first introduced by L. V. Shcherba in 1928. In addition, he designated the state category as a special part of speech. He attributed the following words to it: it is possible, it is impossible, it is cold, it is a pity, it is light, it is necessary. glad, capable, must, ready, according to the scientist, also belong to the category of state. Vinogradov V.V. also believed that these in their meaning are close to the category of state.
Prof. Abakumov S.I. took into account the syntactic function of words of the state category and called them impersonal predicative words.
Shakhmatov A.A. used the term “predicative adverbs”.
There are two points of view on the category of state as a part of speech.
I point of view:
The state category is a special part of speech with its own categorical meaning, morphological and syntactic features. (Shcherba L.V., Vinogradov V.V., Galkina-Fedoruk E.M., Gvozdev A.N., Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N.)
II point of view:
- I can't have sweets.
- I'm close to home.
3. Syntactically, it is very difficult to determine which sentence we have in front of us, two-part or one-part.
- Stay alone with Anna to him was scary. (Two-part.)
- Stay alone with Anna to him was scary. (One-part.)
Babaitseva V.V. and Maksimov L.Yu. consider this construction as transitional between a two-part and one-part sentence.
Migirin V.N. and Bulanin L.L. call words of the state category subjectless adjectives.
“Grammar - 80” and “Brief Grammar” by N. Yu. Shvedova classify words of the state category to different parts of speech:
- 1. to adverbs (they are called predicative adverbs, or predicatives): sad, cheerful, shameful, windy, stuffy;
- 2. to: laziness, hunting, reluctance, shame, time, trouble, time.
- Time for lunch. It's time to sleep. Too lazy to go.
But N. Yu. Shvedova emphasizes that the commonality of categorical meanings and syntactic functions gives grounds to unite all such words into a special grammatical class, which is sometimes called the state category. Baranov M. T., Grigoryan L. T. and Ladyzhenskaya T. A. (in old school textbooks) the category of state is not considered as a special part of speech. In the textbooks of Babaytseva V.V. and Chesnokova L.D. the concept of “word-state” is introduced.
Condition category– this is (predicative adverbs, impersonal predicative words, predicatives) a lexical-grammatical category of words characterized by:
a) designation of the state of living beings, nature, environment, sometimes with modal coloring and expression of evaluation (semantic feature);
b) the absence of declension and conjugation forms, i.e. immutability and the presence of analytical forms of tense created by the verbal connective (morphological feature);
c) use as a predicate (main member) in an impersonal sentence (syntactic feature).
1) words ending in -o, correlative with short adjectives in the neuter singular form and adverbs (warmly, quietly, cheerfully, early, funny, conveniently, etc.) or not correlative with them (it is possible, it is necessary, it is fearful, ashamed, ashamed etc.);
2) words etymologically related to nouns, expressing an assessment of the state from the modal, emotional, moral and ethical (it's time, time, hunting, reluctance, laziness, lack of leisure, sin, pity, shame, etc.).
With a broad understanding of the category of state and its lexical composition, it includes not only impersonal predicative words, but also special short (predicative) adjectives that are not used in full form or do not have correlative full forms with the same meaning, denoting an internal state, inclination , the ability to take any action (powerful, willing, capable, must, intends, obligated, glad, inclined, capable, etc.). Impersonal predicative words, as a category of words that differ in semantic and functional respects from words of other parts of speech, begin to stand out in Russian grammars from the first third of the 19th century. Some scientists attributed them to verbal words (A. Kh. Vostokov, later A. A. Shakhmatov, who left some of them among nouns and adverbs), others - to short adjectives that take on the meaning of verbs (K. S. Aksakov). Some researchers classified them as different parts of speech (A. A. Potebnya, V. A. Bogoroditsky) or did not classify them as any part of speech (A. M. Peshkovsky).
For the first time, these words were singled out as a special part of speech by L.V. Shcherba, calling them the “category of state,” and included in it not only impersonal predicative words, before and adverbs and adverbial expressions used with the meaning of state as a function of the predicate in a personal sentence ( married, on guard, on the alert, without memory, without feelings, in a state, etc.), as well as some short adjectives expressing a state or obligation (sad, intends, must, etc.).
V.V. Vinogradov identifies the category of state as a special part of speech, including indeclinable nominal words (glad, much, cheerful, sorry, etc.) and adverbial words based on their lexical meaning and morphological-syntactic features.
Not all grammarians recognize the right of a state category to be identified as a special part of speech (Fr. Travnichek, A. B. Shapiro). Among scientists who affirm the existence of such a part of speech in the Russian language, there is no consensus on the issue of its composition: the inclusion of short adjectives and adverbs used as a predicate in personal two-part sentences is considered controversial, since this violates the integrity of the syntactic feature of this part of speech (E.M. Galkina-Fedor to).
Summary of a Russian language lesson in 7th grade
Textbook: Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A., Alexandrova O.M., Grigoryan L.T., Kulibaba I.I. “Russian language: textbook for 7th grade educational institutions" – M.: Education, 2008.
Program: Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Shansky N.M. Programs of general education institutions. Russian language. 5 – 9 grades. M.: Education, 2006.
Goals:
Learn to distinguish words of the state category from short adjectives and adverbs.
Develop interest in the Russian language.
Lesson progress
Teacher's word
In the science of the Russian language, the category of state as an independent part of speech began to be considered at the beginning of the 20th century, although its semantic (semantic) and functional-syntactic differences from adverbs and adjectives were pointed out by Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov, a Russian philologist of the nineteenth century.
Name
Predicative adverbs
V. V. Vinogradov, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, A. N. Gvozdev
supporters
D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov
They are considered an independent part of speech; the name reflects the semantic meaning.
linguistic position
They are considered a special group of adverbs; the name reflects the syntactic role: predicative - used as a predicate.
Depending on the lexical meaning of the word, state categories can be divided into groups:
Words denoting the state of nature (wet, windy).
Words denoting a person’s condition (painful, hot).
Words denoting an assessment of a state (bad, good).
Words with the meaning of possibility, obligation, necessity (impossible, necessary).
Morphological features of state category words.
Words of the state category do not change, that is, they are not declined or conjugated. Most words in the state category have the suffix –o. Words of the state category starting with -o, formed from qualitative adjectives, can form forms of degrees of comparison, for example: My soul became sadder and sadder (A. Kuprin). Some SCS have assessment forms: cold, creepy, scary.
What suffix is used to form these words of the state category? (these words are formed using the diminutive suffixes –ovat.)
Syntactic role of state category words. The state category word performs the syntactic function of a predicate in a one-part impersonal sentence, for example:
Boring, scary, freezes
Everything around
(F. Sologub)
The clear streets empty,
So dead.
(F. Sologub)
Words of the state category are combined with linking verbs (to be, become, become, do), and the link can have the form of all tenses (was, will be, in the present tense - zero) of the indicative mood and the form of the conditional mood (it would be colder).
Slide 9. Words of the state category must be distinguished from adverbs and short adjectives. The short form of the adjective agrees in gender, number, case with the noun it defines and can be a predicate in a sentence. An adverb defines a predicate verb and answers questions: how, when, etc. and in a sentence it is a circumstance. Words of the state category are used in impersonal sentences and are predicates.
Consolidation.
Task 1. In all examples, indicate the part of speech and syntactic role of the word “heavy”:
Although the burden is sometimes heavy, the cart is light when moving... (A.S. Pushkin)
And Neva breathed heavily, like a horse running back from battle. (A.S. Pushkin)
"Hey! Let's go, coachman!..” - “There is no urine: it’s hard for the horses, master...” (A.S. Pushkin)
Task 2. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the highlighted words are words of the state category, short adjectives, adverbs.
His face was sad.
He sad smiled.
To me sad.
on him funny look.
This behavior funny.
He funny looks.
Composition Interesting written.
With him Interesting argue.
Competition Interesting composition of participants.
Let's test ourselves! The highlighted words are adverbs: 2, 6, 7. Words of the state category: 3, 4, 8. Short adjectives: 1, 5, 9.
Task 3. Distribute the words of the state category into groups: human state, environmental state, state assessment.
Human condition
State of the environment
Condition assessment
Task 4. Form the comparative degree from the words of the category of state: quiet, beautiful, bad, dangerous.
How to correctly place emphasis on the comparative degree of the word “beautiful”?
What is the peculiarity of forming the comparative degree from the word “bad”? (When a degree of comparison is formed, the base is replaced; in linguistics this is called suppletivism of bases)
Summing up.
Let's summarize.
What are the morphological features of the state category?
References
Encyclopedia for children. T 10. Linguistics. Russian language. – M.: Avanta +, 2005.
Kasatkin L.L., Krysin L.P., Lvov M.R., Terekhova T.G. Russian language. Textbook for students of pedagogical institutes in the specialty “Pedagogy and Methods” primary education" In 2 parts. – M.: Education, 1989.
State category word - is an independent part of speech that denotes the state of living beings, nature, the environment and answers questions How? what?State category words- a relatively young part of speech. In some textbooks state category words are considered as a special group of adverbs - adverbs of state.
State category words can be distinguished by the following characteristics: 1) general grammatical meaning (state); 2) morphemic features: most state category words has the suffix -o; 3) syntactic function: predicate in an impersonal sentence. According to its morphological characteristics state category words come close to adverbs, for example: I feel bad(state category word). - He doesn't read well(adverb). He's sad(state category word), - The old man smiled sadly(adverb).
State category words-o, formed from qualitative adjectives, can form forms of degrees of comparison, for example: My soul became sadder and sadder (A. Kuprin).
Boring, scary, freezes
Everything around
(F. Sologub)
The clear streets empty,
So dead.
(F. Sologub)
By origin state category words can be divided into three category: 1) words starting with -o, correlated with adverbs and short forms of adjectives (fresh, pleasant, cool, stuffy, sultry); 2) words etymologically related to nouns (it's time, time, sin, shame, hunting); 3) words that do not find matches in other parts of speech of the modern Russian language (necessary, possible, impossible).
Distinguishing between words of the state category and homonymous parts of speech
The same differences are characteristic of the forms of the simple comparative degree of the indicated parts of speech. The comparative degree of an adjective in a sentence is usually the nominal part of the predicate and explains the attribute of the subject, for example: He was small, But became taller. Comparative degree state category words is the nominal part of the predicate in an impersonal sentence: Everyone it became more fun. The comparative degree of an adverb serves as a circumstance and refers to the predicate verb, for example: He did a lot, but no more than the rest.
State category words should also be distinguished from homonymous nouns, for example: Well, to me it's time. - It was vague it's time when young Russia matured with the genius of Peter... (A. Pushkin). Used in the first sentence state category word(the indicator is the function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence), in the second - the noun (the indicator is the function of the subject in a two-part sentence).
Morphological analysis of the state category word includes the identification of two constant features (rank by value and the presence of forms of degrees of comparison). The word of the state category does not have any unstable characteristics, since it is an unchangeable word.
The category of state (another name is impersonal predicative words) - significant, unchangeable adverbial and nominal words denoting a state. They are used in impersonal sentences as a predicate. This emphasizes their role as a predicate.
Can the category of state be considered part of speech?
The development of the Russian language is leading to the point that they will soon take their rightful place among the significant (independent) parts of speech. In school textbooks back in the mid-20th century, the category of condition was not mentioned at all. Now, in the complex of books by S. I. Lvov and M. M. Razumovskaya, they stand out from the adverb as a special group of words, which differs from them in a number of ways. And in the textbooks of T. A. Ladyzhenskaya and M. T. Baranov, the category of state is completely presented as an independent part of speech, and its morphological analysis is proposed.
An example to understand the status category
An example would be the following sentence: Vladimir will come, we will all have fun. Here's the word funny is used to denote a mental state and is the predicate in the corresponding impersonal sentence. It is combined in it with a bunch will, which is the analytical form of the future tense. Word " funny" impersonal predicative, is a homonym for the short form of an adverb and an adjective. Compare its use in the following sentence: Child's face expression is fun. Here the word is a short adjective. Here's another example: He smiled cheerfully. Here it already acts as an adverb. However, being a category of state, funny differs from an adjective in the absence of gender forms, such as cheerful, cheerful, cheerful. In addition, the name cannot be determined from it. The word comes from an adverb funny distinguished by its inability to determine adjective and verb. Moreover, the meaning of the sign is alien to him.
The general meaning of all impersonal predicative words
All words of the state category have general meaning is an expression of a certain state or its assessment. For example, we can talk about it in relation to living beings, both from a physical and mental point of view; environment and nature; modal coloring. In addition, the assessment of the state can occur from the point of view of extent in space and time, as well as from the moral and ethical point of view. Words belonging to this category are always thought of impersonally. For example: the child is in pain. Compare this sentence with cases where the state is expressed by a verb and an adjective: the child is sick And the child is sick.
Main morphological features
We can distinguish the following morphological features that state category words have. Firstly, they lack conjugation and declension, that is, they are unchangeable. Secondly, the category of state as a part of speech is characterized by the presence of the suffix -O if these words are formed from adverbs and adjectives ( necessary, offensive, visible, cold). In addition, they are characterized by the ability to express the meaning of time conveyed by the copula. Various words of the state category are combined with this connective. The following sentences can be made with them: I'll have fun; I had fun; I'll have fun; I felt happy. If there is no connective, we are talking about the present tense. The category of state as a part of speech is characterized by the presence of another morphological feature. It lies in the fact that the words on -O, formed from adverbs and short adjectives, retain forms of comparison. Examples: It was easy - it became easier; It was warm - it became warmer.
Correlations with parts of speech
The correlation of these words with the parts of speech from which they originate is the last morphological feature by which the category of the state is determined. We give the following examples: sad correlates with sad, hard- With heavy,warm- With warm, frosty- With frosty. This sign should also be remembered.
Words denoting a category of state can correlate not only with adverbs, but also with nouns, such as it's time, shame, disgrace, sin. Example: It's time to go where we have long been striving. Coinciding in appearance with groups of nouns and adverbs, they differ from them in that they have categorical meaning, as well as special grammatical properties. For example, unlike adverbs, fun, hard, hot, as state categories, do not define the verb. These words form the grammatical and semantic core of the sentence.
Nevertheless, the sign of correlation with parts of speech is unusual for a number of words in the state category. In modern Russian, for example, ashamed cannot be correlated with conscientious, A Can- With possible. There are other examples.
However, only a small group of words that are included in the state category does not correlate with any part of speech. This must, can, cannot, and also sorry. Currently last word has a correlative noun only when it is used in colloquial phrases.
The most important syntactic feature
Let us now move on to a story about the syntactic features of the state category. First of all, these words have the function of a predicate and appear in an impersonal sentence both with and without an infinitive. Example: It was sad and difficult to see her in such a difficult situation.
Lack of management and coordination
The next symptom is that the condition category is not managed and consistent. These words can be combined with a semi-abstract or abstract connective ( do, become, become, be), expressing mood and tense. This is an important sign by which we can recognize that this is a state category. Examples: When I listened to her, I felt sad; I felt awkward and unpleasant.
Other syntactic features
We have not yet described all syntactic features. The category of state can be extended by various forms of nouns, as well as pronouns without a preposition in D.p. and with prepositions in pp. and R.p. In other words, these words can control these forms. Examples: I felt sad and annoyed with her; You may be bored with me, but I'm always happy to see you.
It should also be noted that the dependent infinitive is often used with these words. This is also one of the syntactic features by which the category of a state is determined as a part of speech. Example: The snow lay so snow-white that it was painful to look at.
Another syntactic feature is that impersonal predicative words, unlike adjectives and adverbs, do not define any words. Example: She looked sad(here the adverb modifies the verb) - The girl's face was sad(in this case the short adjective defines the noun) - The girl was sad
In conclusion
So, impersonal predicative words, otherwise called the state category, are classified into a separate lexico-grammatical group. They have common semantic, syntactic and morphological features. The main ones are the following: the role of the impersonal predicate, the meaning of the so-called inactive state, immutability, as well as correlation with nouns, adverbs and adjectives. The words of the state category, the sentences with which were presented above, should be distinguished from adverbs, short adjectives and nouns.
