1. The problem of the influence of genuine art on a person
1. In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author introduces the story with an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” When reading great lines, you want to follow this rule.
2. The problem of morality
1. The problem of morality is one of the key ones in Russian literature, which always teaches, educates, and not just entertains. “War and Peace” by Tolstoy is a novel about spiritual quest main characters, moving towards the highest moral truth through delusions and mistakes. For the great writer, spirituality is the main quality of Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Andrei Bolkonsky. It is worth listening to the wise advice of the master of words and learning from him the highest truths.
2. On the pages of works of Russian literature there are many heroes whose main quality is spirituality and morality. I remember the lines of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor”. The main character is a simple Russian woman who “didn’t chase things”, was trouble-free and impractical. But it is precisely these, according to the author, who are the righteous on whom our land rests.
3. Unfortunately, modern society strives more for the material than for the spiritual. Is everything really repeating itself? I remember the lines of V.V. Mayakovsky, who complained that “beautiful people have disappeared from Petrograd”, that many do not care about other people’s misfortune, they think “it’s better to get drunk”, hidden, like the lady from the poem “Nate!” into the “sink of things.”
3 The problem of a person’s relationship to his homeland, small homeland
1 The problem of attitude towards one’s small homeland is raised by V.G. Rasputin in the story “Farewell to Matera”. Those who truly love their native land protect their island from flooding, and strangers are ready to desecrate the graves, burn down huts, which for others, for example for Daria, are not just a home, but a home where parents died and children were born.
2 The theme of the homeland is one of the main ones in Bunin’s work. Having left Russia, he wrote only about it until the end of his days. I remember the lines of “Antonov Apples”, imbued with sad lyricism. The smell of Antonov apples became for the author the personification of his homeland. Russia is shown by Bunin as diverse, contradictory, where the eternal harmony of nature is combined with human tragedies. But whatever the Fatherland, Bunin’s attitude towards it can be defined in one word - love.
3.The theme of the homeland is one of the main ones in Russian literature. The nameless author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” addresses his native land. The Motherland, the Fatherland, and its fate concern the chronicler. The author is not an outside observer, he mourns her fate and calls on the princes to unity. All the thoughts of the soldiers, exclaiming: “O Russian land! You’re already over the hill!”
4.“No! A person cannot live without a homeland, just as one cannot live without a heart!” - K. Paustovsky exclaims in one of his journalistic articles. He could never exchange the pink sunset on the Ilyinsky Whirlpool for the beautiful landscapes of France or the streets of ancient Rome.
5. In one of his articles, V. Peskov gives examples of our thoughtless, unforgivable attitude towards our native land. Reclamation workers leave rusty pipes, road workers leave lacerated wounds on the body of the earth “Do we want to see our homeland like this? – V. Peskov invites us to think.
6. In his letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev calls for preserving cultural monuments, believing that love for the homeland, native culture, language begins small - “with love for your family, for your home, for your school.” History, according to the publicist, is “love, respect, knowledge”
4. The problem of loneliness
1. It is probably human nature to sometimes be lonely and misunderstood. Sometimes I want to scream after lyrical hero V.V. Mayakovsky: There are no people. You understand the cry of a thousand days of torment. The soul doesn’t want to go dumb, but who should I tell?
2. It seems to me that sometimes the person who is guilty of loneliness is the person who has separated himself, like Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of Dostoevsky’s novel, by pride, the desire for power or crime. You have to be open and kind, then there will be people who will save you from loneliness. The sincere love of Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov and gives him hope for the future.
3. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be attentive to parents and old people, not to make them lonely, like Katerina Ivanovna from Paustovsky’s story “Telegram”. Nastya was late for the funeral, but it seems to me that she will be punished by fate, because she will never again have the opportunity to correct her mistakes.
4. I read the lines of M. Yu. Lermontov: “How scary life is in this shackle We have to drag out alone...: These are lines from the poem “Loneliness”, written in 1830. The events of life and the character of the poet contributed to the fact that the motif of loneliness became one of the main ones in the work of the genius of Russian poetry.
5. The problem of attitude to the native language, word
1. I remember the lines from N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”. One of the lyrical digressions speaks of careful attitude the author to the Russian word, which “is so sweeping and lively, so bursting out from under the very heart, so seething and vibrant.” Gogol admires the Russian word and confesses his love for its creator - the Russian people.
2. The lines of Ivan Bunin’s brilliant poem “The Word” sound like a hymn to the word. The poet calls: Know how to protect, at least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, Our immortal gift - speech.
3. K. Paustovsky in one of his articles talks about the magical properties and wealth of the Russian word. He believes that “Russian words themselves radiate poetry.” In them, according to the writer, the centuries-old experience of the people is hidden. We must learn from the writer a careful and thoughtful attitude towards the native word.
4. “Russians are killing the Russian language” - this is the title of an article by M. Molina, who indignantly says that slang words and all kinds of “thieves” are penetrating our speech. Sometimes an audience of millions is addressed in a language more appropriate in a prison cell than in a civilized society. M. Molina believes that the primary task of the nation is not to let the language die.
6. The problem of the state of modern television, the influence of television on humans
1. What a pity that so few truly worthwhile programs, performances, and films are shown. I will never forget my impressions of the film “Scarecrow” based on the story by V. Zheleznikov. Teenagers can often be cruel, and the story, like the film, teaches kindness, justice, and tolerance towards others, even if they are different from you.
2. I would like to see more kind, bright films shown on television. How many times have I watched the film “The Dawns Here Are Quiet,” based on the story by Boris Vasiliev, and the impression remains as strong as the first time. Sergeant Major Fedot Vaskov and five young girls take on an unequal battle with sixteen Germans. The episode of Zhenya’s death especially shocked me: beauty clashed with death in the struggle for freedom and won. It is such works that teach us to be patriots, not selfish, to think about what is important, and not about how many fashionable things the next pop star has.
7. The problem of ecology, the influence of nature, its beauty on the inner world of man, the influence of nature on man
1. Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” is a warning to humanity that the world may disappear. The Eternal Moyunkums amaze with the beauty of their landscapes. Animals and birds lived here in complete harmony for thousands of years. But then man invented a weapon, and the blood of helpless saigas is shed, the animals die in the fire. The planet is falling into chaos, evil is taking over. The writer asks us to think about the fact that the fragile world of nature and its existence are in our hands.
2. Reading the story by V.G. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”, you understand how nature and man are inseparable from each other. The writer warns us how fragile lakes, rivers, islands, forests are - everything that we call the Motherland. The sword of fate is brought over Matera, a beautiful island doomed to flood. Daria Pinigina, the heroine of the story, feels personally responsible to her dead ancestors for everything that happens around her. The writer talks about the inseparability of environmental and moral problems. If there is no love for the land that gave birth to you, if you do not feel a blood connection with nature, if you do not see its beauty, then the fruits of civilization become evil, and man, from the king of nature, becomes, according to the writer, a madman.
3. In one of his journalistic articles, V. Soloukhin says that we do not notice the purity of the air, the emerald color of the grass, taking everything for granted: “Grass is grass, there is a lot of it.” But how scary it is to look at the earth, scorched by antifreeze, gaping in blackness. We must protect such a familiar and fragile world - planet Earth.
8. The problem of mercy, humanism
1. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be merciful to those who, due to various circumstances or social injustice, find themselves at the bottom of their lives or in a difficult situation. The stories of A.S. Pushkin “The Station Warden”, telling about Samson Vyrin, for the first time in Russian literature showed that any person deserves sympathy, respect, compassion, no matter what level of the social ladder he is at.
2. In one of his journalistic articles, D. Granin argues that mercy, unfortunately, is leaving our lives. We have forgotten how to sympathize and sympathize. “To take away mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important effective manifestations of morality,” writes the publicist. He is sure that this feeling must be cultivated in a person from childhood, because if it is not used, it “weakens and atrophies.”
3. Let us remember Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.” The soldier’s “sprinkled with ashes” eyes saw the little man’s grief; the Russian soul was not hardened by countless losses.
9. The problem of the relationship between “fathers” and “children” 1. The eternal problem of generational conflict is considered on the pages of the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I. S. Turgenev. Bazarov, a representative of the younger generation, strives to correct society, but at the same time sacrifice some “little things” - love, the traditions of his ancestors, art. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov cannot see the positive qualities of his opponent. This is the conflict of generations. Young people do not listen to the wise advice of their elders, and “fathers”, due to their age, cannot accept new, often progressive. Each generation, in my opinion, needs to compromise in order to avoid contradictions.
2. The heroine of V. Rasputin’s story “The Deadline,” old woman Anna, is tormented not because she is about to die, but because her family has actually broken up. That there is a sense of alienation between her children. .
11 The problem of cruelty modern world, people; problem of violence
1. The lines of Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” teach us a great truth: cruelty, murder, “Blood according to conscience”, invented by Raskolnikov, is absurd, because only God can give life or take it. Dostoevsky tells us that to be cruel, to transgress the great commandments of goodness and mercy means to destroy one’s own soul.
2. The heroine of V.P. Astafiev’s story “Lyudochka” came to the city to work. She was brutally abused, and the girl suffers, but finds no sympathy from either her mother or Gavrilovna. The human circle did not become a lifeline for the heroine, and she committed suicide.
3. The cruelty of the modern world bursts into our homes from television screens. Blood is shed every minute, correspondents savor the details of the disasters, like vultures, circling over bodies of the dead, accustoming our hearts to indifference and aggression.
12 The problem of true and false values.
1. In A.P. Chekhov’s short story “Rodschild’s Violin” important questions of morality are raised. Jacob Bronza, an undertaker, counts losses, especially if someone was terminally ill but did not die. Even with his wife, to whom he has not said a single kind word, he takes measurements to make a coffin. Only before his death does the hero understand what true losses are. This is the lack of good relationships in the family, love, mercy and compassion. These are the only true values for which life is worth living.
2. Let us remember the immortal lines of Gogol’s “Dead Souls”, when Chichikov at the governor’s ball chooses who to approach - the “fat” or the “thin”. The hero strives only for wealth, and at any cost, so he joins the “fat people”, where he finds all the familiar faces. This is his moral choice that determines his future fate.
13 The problem of honor, conscience.
The problem of conscience is one of the main ones in V.G. Rasputin’s story “Live and Remember.” A meeting with her deserter husband becomes both joy and torment for the main character, Nastena Guskova. Before the war, they dreamed of a child, and now, when Andrei is forced to hide, fate gives them such a chance. Nastena feels like a criminal, because the pangs of conscience cannot be compared with anything, so the heroine commits a terrible sin - she throws herself into the river, destroying both herself and her unborn child.
2. In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author introduces the story with an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” When reading great lines, you want to follow this rule.
14 The problem of the spiritual value of a book in the upbringing and education of a person
1. The book has been and remains an important factor in the upbringing and education of a person. She teaches us love, honor, kindness, mercy. The lines of Pushkin’s poem “The Prophet” come to mind, in which great poet defined the mission of the poet, writer, the mission of the art of words - “to burn the hearts of people with a verb.” Books teach us beautiful things, help us live according to the laws of goodness and conscience.
2. There are eternal books on which more than one generation has been brought up. The timing of M. Gorky’s story “The Old Woman Izergil” tells the story of Danko, who with his burning heart illuminated the path for people, showing us an example of true love for a person, an example of fearlessness and selflessness.
15 The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth
1. On the pages of Russian literature there are many examples when the heroes of works are faced with a choice between good and evil, truth and lies. The hero of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, Rodion Raskolnikov, is obsessed with a diabolical idea. “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right?” - he asks a question. There is a struggle between dark and light forces in his heart, and only through blood, murder and terrible spiritual torment does he come to the truth that it is not cruelty, but love and mercy that can save.
2. Evil brought to people, according to the great writer F.M. Dostoesky, always turns against the person himself, killing part of the soul. Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel “Crime and Punishment” is an acquirer, a business man. This is a scoundrel by conviction who puts only money first. This hero is a warning to us living in the 21st century that forgetting eternal truths always leads to disaster.
3. The hero of Viktor Astafiev’s story “The Horse with a Pink Mane” forever remembered the lesson. By deceiving my grandmother. The most terrible punishment for his conscience was the gingerbread horse, which the grandmother still bought for the boy, despite his offense.
4. Famous literary scholar Yu.M. Lotman, in one of his journalistic articles, addressing students and young people, argued that a person faces many situations when the opportunity to choose arises. It is important that this choice is dictated by conscience.
16 The problem of fascism, nationalism
1.The problem of nationalism is raised in his story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” by Anatoly Pristavkin. The author, talking about repressions against Chechens, condemns the division of people along ethnic lines.
17 The problem of drug addiction
The problem of drug addiction is primarily a problem of morality. The hero of Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” Grishan, the leader of a group of guys collecting and distributing drugs, does not think about the fact that he is ruining someone’s life. For him and others like him, the main thing is profit, money. The young guys are faced with a choice: who to go with - Grishan or Avdiy, who is trying to save them. Unfortunately, they choose evil. Talking about this, the author talks about the relevance of the problem of drug addiction, about its moral origins. 18 The problem of passion for computers, computer addiction
1. It is impossible to stop civilization, but no computer will ever replace either live communication or a good book that makes you think, and not just download ready-made information. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" can be reread many times. I didn’t like his film adaptation; it seemed like a crude fake. You have to read for yourself about eternal love, about ancient Yershalaim, Yeshua and Pontius Pilate, pondering every word. Only then can we understand what the author wanted to tell us.
19 The problem of motherhood
1.A mother will do anything for her child. The heroine of Maxim Gorky's novel "Mother" became a revolutionary, discovered a new world for herself, a world of completely different human relationships, learned to read in order to be closer to her son, whom she trusted in everything, whose truth she shared unconditionally.
2. In his journalistic article “Forgive me, Mom...” writer A. Aleksin is sure that it is necessary in time, during the mothers’ lifetime, to tell them all the good things, to do everything possible for them, because mothers give their children their last and never demand anything.
20 The problem of the influence of mass culture on people
1.So-called popular culture Even books are trying to be disposable and easy to read. Bookstore shelves are full of novels by Ustinova, Dashkova and the like. Same plots, similar characters. It is a pity that there is no demand for poetry, for works of spiritual content. They do not bring in as much income as paperback books. I take a volume of Blok and am amazed at its depth and uniqueness. Isn't it modern? We copy the West instead of going our own way. Blok speaks about the chosenness of Russia: Russia is the Sphinx. Rejoicing and mourning, And shedding black blood, She looks, looks, looks at you, And with hatred and with love
(The arguments were compiled by the teacher of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 19 of Korenevsk, Krasnodar Territory, Guzya Svetlana Anatolyevna)
Many authors talk about art, because this is their calling. Therefore, problems related to creativity often appear in texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. We have collected the most popular of them, selecting literary arguments for each problem.
- Petrus, hero story by V. Korolenko “The Blind Musician”, since childhood he has been sensitive to the world of sounds, because for him this is the only opportunity to experience the world (he was born blind). For Petrus, art is an outlet, a way of self-expression. The hero listens to the groom Joachim playing the pipe, and soon begins to play the piano himself. He had to go through many trials to achieve recognition. Petrus doesn’t just play, he feels the music, conveys life and people’s aspirations in it.
- Yakov, hero story by A.P. Chekhov's "Rothschild's Violin" is indifferent to art, seeing it only as work. But he feels the power of art when he is overcome by melancholy about a wasted life. Then Yakov comes out with such a plaintive and heartfelt melody that he cries. The hero dies, and gives his violin and music to the Jew Rothschild, whom he constantly attacked during his life. And the composition continues to live.
The influence of art on human life
- Nina, heroine of the play by A.P. Chekhov's "The Seagull", is passionate about theater, dreams of becoming an actress. But her parents are categorically against such a career for their daughter. Nina goes against her family, leaves home, plays a lot, but poorly, “with howls.” However, after suffering tragedies: a break with her loved one, the death of a child, the heroine decides to change her life, goes to the province, feeling the ability to play in a completely new way. For Nina, art is all of life, with its joys and tragedies.
- Nikolai Rostov, the hero, lost a large sum at cards. He arrived home in a terrible state: where to find so much money, how to tell a poor family about losing? But when the young man heard the singing of Natasha’s sister, it captured him and relieved him of the oppressive state, because all these cards, money, cheaters - all this comes and goes. But art is eternal, it remains forever.
Understanding the value of art
- Natasha Rostova, heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", has an amazing musical flair. She not only sings herself, but also hears true art in the music of others. The girl starts dancing to a folk melody, because she is overwhelmed with delight from amazing world sound. Natasha sees a whole world in music, she gets closer to the people in their understanding. It is this sensitivity that makes Rostova the author’s favorite heroine.
- Vasily Terkin, hero of the poem of the same name by A. Tvardovsky, in the chapter “Accordion” plays this instrument. The sounds of music seemed to make me warmer in the cold winter, to smell like home and my native places. And I no longer felt pain in my frostbitten fingers, and my legs began to dance on their own. The music dispersed painful thoughts, in this short episode the soldiers took a break from the tragic military events, forgot themselves at least for a moment, pushing aside fear and fatigue. That is why they gave Tyorkin an accordion; he warmed people’s hearts with his song.
Interaction of form and content in art
- A. Mikhailov in the book “Mayakovsky” describes the biography of the great poet. The famous futurist was constantly criticized for various reasons for the form of his works, as if they did not see the true scale of their content. Torn lines, neologisms, a yellow jacket as the basis for outrageous speeches - all this is not so important, the main thing is the meaning and the problems raised. Vladimir Mayakovsky was a futurist, but, unlike other colleagues in the workshop, he did not confine himself to this form, which is why he became a classic.
- Salieri, the hero of the tragedy A.S. Pushkin “Mozart and Salieri”, mastered the craft of a musician, the “algebra of art,” to perfection. However, he was not a genius, unlike Mozart, so he was jealous and believed that Mozart was behaving inappropriately. For the latter, the main content is: you can create anywhere and anytime, the main thing is what happens, and there are no rules or frameworks. Out of envy, Salieri poisoned his successful colleague, but still learned the secrets of his perfection.
- Master, hero novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", wrote a brilliant novel. However, this novel did not ideologically correspond to the government policy, since it included biblical motifs. Critics began to persecute the Master’s novel, and he himself found himself in some dark dungeons, about which the author is silent. All these sufferings led the hero to a madhouse, from which he emerged only thanks to the intercession of his beloved Margarita before Satan. Thus, in our country the authorities have repeatedly strove to subordinate art to their will and impose their interests on the creators.
- A. Akhmatova in the poem “Requiem” tells truthfully about Stalin's repressions: thousands of arrested people who are not guilty of anything, their mothers and wives who stand in prison lines, waiting for at least some information about their loved ones. According to Anna Andreevna, her duty as a poet is to reflect these tragic events. She believes that if a monument is ever erected to her, it must be done here, where she stood for seventeen long months, waiting for news from her son and the right to give him the “transfer.” Even after the debunking of the cult of Stalin, when the “thaw” began in the USSR, her truthful cry about the fate of thousands of repressed compatriots was never published. It was published only abroad, and the poetess had to justify herself that it was not her initiative, because she was threatened with serious consequences for such creativity. It is enough that in 1946 she was publicly insulted by the official A. A. Zhdanov at a writers’ congress, calling her “an enraged lady.” Since then, they stopped publishing Akhmatova; even poetry that was far from politics was considered harmful by party leaders. Thus, Anna Andreevna survived attacks, bullying and even family drama, paying for her honest position in art.
Interaction of art and power
N.V. Gogol - story "Taras Bulba". In this story N.V. Gogol writes about the all-consuming power of feelings over a person. His hero Andriy betrays his homeland, the bonds of camaraderie, his father, his people, having fallen in love with a beautiful Polish woman. Thus, according to the writer, the hero destroyed himself. In the finale, he is killed by his own father, who has not forgiven him for his betrayal.
N.S. Leskov - the story “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District”.
The writer explores the nature of love-passion, which has completely taken possession of the human soul. N. Leskov’s woman, the merchant’s wife Katerina Izmailova, becomes the bearer of this passion. And this passion leads her to crimes and death. For the sake of her lover, she secretly destroys her husband and child. In the finale, she ends up in hard labor, where her lover betrays her. Love-passion is, according to the writer, a destructive element not controlled by reason.
What is the role of childhood in a person’s life? What does the image of a home in our soul contain?
L.N. Tolstoy's story "Childhood". In this work, the writer explores the process of character development. The consciousness of the hero Nikolenka Irtenyev reflected the entire rich spectrum of life experiences: childhood, family, class. Gradually, the hero begins to discover the world around him, people and explore his own soul. Thus, Nikolenka feels her moral separation from her friends and acquaintances. The father's authority collapses: the hero begins to understand that his mother is deprived of his attention. “The tragedy of the ruined life of the master’s faithful slave Natalya Savishna is revealed. The first competition of minds and characters takes place: Nikolenka and his older brother Volodya, Nikolenka and Seryozha Ivnin. Unconscious cruelty is manifested... - pushing around Ilenka Ladder. The main result of childhood is that all things and relationships are in motion, you are not alone in the world.”
I.A. Goncharov - novel “Oblomov”. In this novel, the author deeply explores the nature of his hero, the origins of his character, in the pictures of Oblomov’s childhood. The author gives us these pictures in “Oblomov’s Dream”. We see here a description of nature. Her serenity and calmness are akin to a fairy tale. In this place there are no “dense forests”, a sad sea, mountains and abysses. But the sky there is “like a parent’s reliable roof”, the sun “shines brightly and hotly around noon and then moves away... as if reluctantly...”. And all the nature there represents “a series of... cheerful, smiling landscapes...”. This Central Russian nature with the leisurely flow of rivers and the serene spirit of the fields influenced Ilya’s gentle character. Next we find a description of landowner and peasant life. And again here is a kind of idyll: “ Happy people lived, thinking that it shouldn’t and couldn’t be otherwise, confident that everyone else lives exactly the same way and that living differently is a sin...” Oblomovites are hardworking, religious, superstitious, they love listening to fairy tales and solving dreams. The hero will forever remember the endless winter evenings, the nanny's tales about a wonderful country where rivers of honey and milk flow, where beauties and good fellows walk. It was here, in Oblomovka, in his distant childhood years, that an important trait of his character was formed - poetic daydreaming. Legends and fairy tales, epics and parables determined his consciousness and attitude to life.
Another defining character trait of Oblomov is independence from the world of external life, a sense of inner freedom. That is why service only as a career, secular friends, empty women who are unable to give happiness, turn out to be alien to the hero. “These are all dead people. Sleeping people, worse than me, these members of the world and society! - says Oblomov. He is looking for perfection in this world, “the norm, the ideal of life, which nature indicated as the goal for man.” In his actions and thoughts, Ilya Ilyich is noble, his soul is “pure and clear as glass.”
However, life on the family estate also shaped the negative aspects of Oblomov’s character. So, little Ilyusha grew up active and inquisitive, but his best impulses were suppressed. The constant care of parents and nannies did not give the child the opportunity to fully develop. All his attempts to do something on his own were refuted by arguments: “Why? Where? And what about Vaska, and Vanka, and Zakharka?” His studies at the Stolz boarding school proceeded intermittently, and he became indifferent to science. Gradually, laziness, inertia, apathy, and indifference to life developed in the child.
Ilya Ilyich dreams of love and family, but he is not given the opportunity to experience the ideal feeling. He breaks up with Olga Ilyinskaya because she cannot give him real happiness. Agafya Pshenitsyna, with her character and way of life, comes somewhat closer to that female type, which existed in his childhood. And that is why he remains on the Vyborg side, in the house of Agafya Matveevna, she becomes the same Militrisa Kirbitievna about whom the nanny read to him. This is how the fairy tale is embodied in Oblomov’s life. Thus, childhood years, according to the writer, completely determine our character and life scenario.
F. Iskander - book “Reflections of a Writer” (collection of essays and journalism). The author identifies two types of creativity in Russian literature - “home” and “homelessness”. Poets, defenders and organizers of the “home” - Pushkin, Tolstoy, Akhmatova. The authors of “homelessness” are Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tsvetaeva. Thus, Lermontov’s Pechorin destroys Bela’s house, Grushnitsky’s house, being homeless, he himself dies in Persia. Pushkinsky Evgeniy in the poem “ Bronze Horseman", on the contrary, defends his right to the house, rebelling against Peter. We find poetry at home in Eugene Onegin and The Captain's Daughter.
Love for the Motherland
1) Ardent love for the Motherland, We feel pride in its beauty in the works of the classics.
The theme of heroic deeds in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland is also heard in M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.
2) The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin wrote about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in the “harsh, formidable years” - every Yesenin image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the homeland: But most of all. Love for the native land
3) Famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally made it to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.
4) Outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. No one had any idea what was in it. Only many years later did relatives learn that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.
5) The Nazis, having occupied France, offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the Civil War, to cooperate with them in the fight against Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because his homeland was more valuable to him than political differences.
6) African slaves, taken to America, yearned for their native land. In despair, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, having thrown off the body, could fly home like a bird.
7) The most terrible Punishment in ancient times was considered to be the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home there is a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language... There you are completely alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving one’s homeland meant losing everything for a person.
8) To an outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretyak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him a higher salary. Tretyak pointed to the sky and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” The famous athlete’s answer confused everyone, and no one else returned to this proposal.
9) When in the middle In the 19th century, an English squadron besieged the capital of Turkey, Istanbul, and the entire population stood up to defend their city. Townspeople destroyed their own houses if they prevented Turkish cannons from conducting aimed fire at enemy ships.
10) One day the wind decided to fell the mighty oak tree that grew on the hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak tree: “Why can’t I defeat you?”
11) Oak answered that it’s not the trunk that’s holding him up. Its strength lies in the fact that it is rooted in the ground and clings to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the homeland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of ancestors makes a people invincible.
12) When over England When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed, the entire population, hitherto torn apart by enmity, rallied around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, and people of ordinary rank enlisted in the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the “invincible armada” of the Spaniards was defeated.
13) Turks during During their military campaigns they captured boys and young men as prisoners. Children were forcibly converted to Islam and turned into warriors called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that the new warriors, deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and obedience, would become a reliable stronghold of the state.
